Lecture XI.

10.01.2013

Introduction to Linguistics with Elements of History of English

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS study of language in text and conversation, language beyond the sentence.

Interpreting discourse: Trains collide, two die.

No shoes, no service.

COHESION the cohesive ties and connections that exist within the text.

COHERENCE logical connection between the elements of a text.

cohesive --- not coherent

SPEECH EVENTS situations in which we use the spoken form of language (for example debate, interview, discussion, lectures):

• the role of the speaker and hearer

• the relationship between the speaker and hearer

• topic (referred to setting)

• setting (place & time)

CONVERSATION ANALYSIS:

• turn (turn taking) one of the participants is talking

• complexion point the point in conversation when the sender signals that the message is sent

Turn taking:

rudeness strategy when one speaker cuts in on another speaker.

shyness strategy when one speaker keeps waiting for an opportunity to take a turn and none seems to care.

THE CO- OPERATIVE PRINCIPLE (GRICE):

Make your conversational contribution such as is required ,as the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.

GRICEAN MAXIMS:

• quantity maxim make your contribution as informative as is required, but no more or less than is required

• quality maxim do not say that which you believe to be false or for which you lack adequate evidence

• relation maxim be relevant

• the manner maxim be clear, brief and orderly

HEDGES words or phrases used to indicate that we are not really sure that what we are saying is sufficiently correct or complete.

Examples: As far as I know…/ Correct me if I'm wrong…

IMPLICATURES the hidden additional meaning.

Example: Are you going to the party tomorrow? I've exam tomorrow.

BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:

SCHEMA - a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory.

SCRIPT - a dynamic schema, a series of conventional actions which take place.

GESTURES used while speaking to give additional information to which we are saying.

SIGNS used to substitute the language.

EMBLES function as fix phrases and they don't depend on speech, but on social knowledge (they are conventional)

GESTURES:

• ICONICS gestures which seem to be a reflection of what is said.

• DEICITS used to point to people or things we are talking about.

• BEATS short quick movements of the hand or fingers which are used to accompany the rhythm of talk, often used to emphasize the parts of what is being said.

1

TYPES OF SIGN LANGUAGES

ALTERNATIVE SIGN LANGUAGE system of hand signals developed by speakers for limited communication in a specific context, where speech cannot be used

PRIMARY SIGN LANGUAGE the first language of a group of people who do not use a spoken language with each other

---