Comunication

Definition Translation Example nr to pour out to tell someone everything about your thoughts, feelings, especially because you feel very unhappy. wylać przed kimś swoje żale He poured out all his troubles to Laura. 1 interrogative having the form of a question. pytający "Who" and "what" are interrogative pronouns. 2 argot (slang) informal expressions used by a particular group of people such as criminals. slang Don't speak to me in this ugly argot! 3 affiliation the fact of being involved with or a member of a political or religious organization. powiązanie What are her political affiliations? 4 to relent to change your attitude and become less strict or cruel. ulegać,ustępować Her parents finally relented and allowed her to go. 5 to be at each other's throats to fight and argue. skakać sobie do gardła He's her brother, but they're always at each other's throats. 6 to convey to express what you think or feel; to communicate something. wyrażać, przekazywać His tone conveyed an unmistakable warning. 7 receptive willing to consider new ideas or listen to someone else's opinions. otwarty He's a very kind and receptive young man. 8 to butt in to interrupt a conversation. wtrącać się Stop butting in! 9 to blurt out to say sth suddenly and without thinking because you are nervous or excited. wypaplać, wygadać się. We didn't want to tell Mum but Ann blurted the whole thing out. 10 to hit the roof to be extremely angry. być wściekłym Dad hit the roof when I got home. 11 to confide to tell someone you trust about personal things that you do not want other people to know. zwierzyć się She's the only person I can confide to. 12 to beckon to make a signal to someone with your hand to show that you want them to come towards you. skinąć na kogoś She beckoned at the child , who came running. 13 to gabble to say sth so quickly that people cannot hear you or understand you properly powiedzieć coś niezrozumiale Just calm down, stop gabbling, and tell me what has happened. 14 affair a sexual relationship between two people who are not married to each other. romans She's having an affair with her boss. 15 to argue to say things (often angrily) that show that you do not agree with sb about sth. sprzeczać się The couple next door are always arguing. 16 to argue to give reasons that support your opinion about sth. dowodzić, że; argumentować He argued against buying a new computer. 17 to lapse into to go into a particular state. zapadać w She lapsed into silence/sleep/a coma. 18 to snap out of to stop being sad or upset and make yourself feel better. wyjść z depresji She's been depressed for days. I wish she'd snap out of it. 19 to natter to talk continuously about unimportant things paplać, gadać She's been nattering on about the wedding for weeks. 20 to get a word in edgeways to get a chance to speak dojść do słowa Once Terry starts talking it's difficult to get a word in edgeways. 21 to converse to talk informally, to have a conversation rozmawiać It's difficult to converse rationally with people who hold extremist views. 22 to discourse on to make a long formal speech about sth przemawiać Mrs. Hutchins discoursed at length on the ignorance of the frontier people. 23 to relate to to be concerned with a particular subject odnosić się That question doesn't relate to the subject we're discussing. 24 to relate to to be able to understand how somebody feels znajdować wspólny język She finds it difficult to relate to children. 25 not bring yourself to do sth if you cannot bring yourself to do sth, you cannot make yourself do it nie móc zdobyć się na coś, nie móc zmusić się do czegoś She couldn't bring herself to touch it. 26 to scowl to look at someone in an angry way zmierzyć kogoś wzrokiem When he said he didn't agree with her she scowled at him and left the room. 27 to grumble to keep complaining in an unhappy way narzekać The farmers are always grumbling about the weather. 28 to stammer to say sth with a lot of pauses and repeated sounds jąkać się He stammered an apology and left quickly. 29 phoney false, intended to deceive sb. fałszywy He gave the police a phony address. 30 fraternity a feeling of friendship between members of a group braterstwo the revolutionary ideas of fraternity and equality 31 to bottle up to deliberately not allow yourself to show your feelings and emotions ukrywać, tłumić, uczucia It is far better to cry than to bottle up your feelings. 32 blow a kiss to kiss your hand and then pretend to blow the kiss towards somebody wysyłać całusy 33 to blow a fuse to blow your top to get very angry zdenerwować się, wkurzyć 34 to blow the gaff on sb/sth to tell sth secret, especially by mistake wygadać się 35 blubber (informal, disapproving) to cry noisily beczeć There he sat blubbering like a baby. 36 emphasis the extra force given to a word or phrase when spoken, especially in order to show that it is important; a way of writing a word ( for example drawing a line underneath it ) to show that it is important podkreślenie 'I can assure you' she added with emphasis, 'the figures are correct' 37 emphasize to give special importance to sth podkreślać, uwypuklać She emphasized that her plan would mean sacrifices and hard work. 38 emphasize to make sth more noticeable akcentować She swept her hair back from her face to emphasize her high cheekbones. 39 explicate to explain an idea or a work of literature in a lot of detail wyjaśniać, objaśniać How can we best explicate 'King Lear' and understand it? 40 fiddle with sth	to keep touching or moving sth with your hands, especially because you are bored or nervous	bawić się czymś bezmyślnie	He was fiddling with keys while he talked to me.	41
to fidget	to keep moving your body, your hands or feet because you are nervous, bored or excited	wiercić się, kręcić się	Sit still and stop fidgeting.	42
a fidget	a person who's always fidgeting	osoba wiercąca się, niecierpliwa, nerwowa		43
fidgety	unable to remain still or quiet	niespokojny	The children get fidgety if they have nothing to do.	44
flatter	to say nice things about sb often in a way that is not sincere because you want them to do sth for you or you want to please them	pochlebiać, mówić komplementy	Are you trying to flatter me?	45
flatter	to make sb seem more attractive or better than they really are		That color doesn't flatter many people. The score line flattered England. (they didn't deserve to get such a high score)	46
flatter	to be\feel flattered , to be pleased because sb has made you feel important and special		He was flattered by her attention. I was flattered at being asked to give a lecture	47
frown	~ at sb/sth, to make a serious, angry or worried expression by bringing your eyebrows closer together so that lines appear on your forehead	marszczyć brwi	What are you frowning at me for? She frowned with concentration.	48
frown	(in speech) frown on/upon sb/sth - to disapprove of sb/sth	krzywo patrzec na coś/kogoś	In her family, any expression of feeling was frowned upon. She looked up with a puzzled frown on her face.	49
gibberish	words that have no meaning or are impossible to understand	bełkot	You were talking gibberish in your sleep.	50
gibber	to speak quickly in a way that is difficult to understand, often because of fear	bełkotać	He cowered in the corner gibbering with terror.	51
glare	~ at sb/sth, to look at sb/sth in an angry way	patrzeć ze złością	He didn't shout, he just glared at me silently.	52
glare	I looked at her and she glared furiously back.	spojrzeć się		53
glower	~ at sb/sth, to look in an angry, aggressive way	patrzeć z gniewem		54
grin	to smile widely	usmiechać się szeroko	They grinned with delight when they heard our news.	55
grouch	a person who complains a lot	maruda, zrzęda	I can't stand him - he's such an old grouch.	56
grouch	a complaint about sth unimportant	zrzędzić, marudzić, gderać	Students always have plenty of grouches.	57
nag	~ at sb - to keep complaining at sb about their behavior or keep asking them to do sth	nie dawać komuś spokoju, marudzić, nagabywac do zrobienia czegoś	Stop nagging - I'll do it as soon as I can. She has been nagging him to paint the window.	58
nag	to worry or irritate you continuously	nękać	A feeling of unease nagged at her. Doubts nagged me all evening.	59
nod	if you nod, nod your head or your head nods, you move your head up and down to show agreement, understanding.	przytakiwać, kiwać głową	I asked him if he would help me and he nodded. He nodded sympathetically.	60
nod	to have a nodding acquaintance with sb/sth, to only know sb/sth slightly	znać się z widzenia		61
nod	a nod and a wink\ a nod is as good as a wink, used to say that a suggestion or a hint will be understood without anything more being said		Everything could be done by a nod and a wink.	62
nod	on the nod - If a proposal is accepted on the nod it is accepted without any discussion.	z miejsca, bez problemu, bez sprzeciwu		63
peer	to look closely or carefully at sth, especially when you cannot see it clearly	przypatrywać się, przyglądać się	She kept peering over her shoulders. We peered into the shadows.	64
pout	if you pout, pout your lips or if your lips pout, you push out your lips to show you are annoyed or to look sexually attractive.	nadymać wargi	He pouted angrily. Her lips pouted invitingly. Her lips were set in a pout of annoyance.	65
purse	to purse sb's lips , to form your lips into a small tight round shape, for example to show disapproval.	zaciskać usta		66
scowl	to scowl at sbsth - to look at sb/sth in an angry or annoyed way	spojrzeć gniewnie	The receptionist scowled at me.	67
scowl	an angry look or expression	patrzeć wilkiem, krzywić się	He looked at me with a scowl.	68
sneer	to show that you have no respect for sb by the expression on your face or the way you speak	drwić, szydzić	He sneered at people who liked pop music.	69
sneer	a sneering comment or laugh	szyderczy, dwiący uśmiech lub uwaga	'You? A writer?' She sneered.	70
snort	to make a loud sound by breathing air out noisily through your nose, especially to show that you are angry or amused	parskać, prychać	She snorted in disgust. The horse snorted and tossed its head. 'You!' he snorted contemptuously.	71
snort	to give a snort of disgust/laughter	parskać, prychać	to snort with laughter/annoyance	72
stammer	to speak with difficulty, repeating sounds or words and often stopping before saying things correctly	jąkać się	Many children stammer but grow out of it. Ww-what?' he stammered. She was barely able to stammer out a description of her attacker	73
stutter	to have difficulty speaking because you cannot stop yourself from repeating the first sound of some words several times	zacinać się, jąkać się	I managed to stutter the reply.	74
talk	talk the hind legs of a donkey (informal),to talk too much, especially about boring or unimportant things	gadać dużo, czesto nieistotntych rzeczy		75
talk	talk through your hat (informal), to say silly things while you are talking about a subject you don't understand	pleść co ślina na język przyniesie		76
tantrum	a sudden short period of angry and unreasonable behaviour, especially in a child	napad złości	to have/throw a tantrum	77
tip off	A piece of information that sb gives to the police to warn them about an illegal activity	dać cynk, przekazać poufne informacje	The man was arrested after an anonymous tip-off.	78
tip off	tip sb a winktip the wink to sb, to give sb secret information that they can use to gain advantage for themselves	dać cynk		79
toady	to toady to sb, a person who treats sb more important with special kindness or respect in order to gain their favor or help	podlizywać się	She's always toadying to her boss, it's awful.	80
wave	wave at sb	machać komuś	Who's that waving at you?	81
wave	wave sb through/on, wave to show sb that they can go through or continue their journey	machnięciem ręki kazać przejść	At the border the customs officer just waved us through.	82
wave	give sb a wave (in order to say hello or goodbye)	pomachać	I gave him a friendly wave.	83
wring	to wring sb's hand, to squeeze sb's hand very tightly when you shake hands	ściskać czyjeś ręce		84
wring	to wring your hands, to hold your hands together, twist and squeeze them in a way that shows you are anxious or upset, especially when you cannot change the situation	załamywać ręce		85
arcane	mysterious, secretive.	tajemniczy, skryty	The arcane attitude of the FBI must be dealt with soon - we need more openess in government, not less.	388
conversely	opposite to.	odwrotnie	Those at the top end of the alphabet have high self-esteem while, conversely, those at the bottom have low selfesteem.	389
disadvantaged	in unfavourable conditions.	będący w niekorzystnym położeniu	Those at the lower end of the alphabet are disadvantaged by their position when things are arranged in alphabetical order. They certainly have to wait longer, at any rate.	390
ludicrous	absurd, ridiculous, laughable.	absurdalny, śmieszny	There's a spaceship in your back garden? What a ludicrous idea!	391
scathing	severely critical.	krytyczny, zjadliwy	The manager of our football team came in for scathing criticism after yet another defeat.	392
affluent	rich.	dostatni, będący w dobrobycie	Most people would say that Britain is an affluent society, particularly compared to third world countries.	393
to champion sth	to support the cause of/defend sth.;		Some people say we should all champion the cause of feminism for in the end i'ts in everybody's interest to do so.	394
to plough through sth	to plod heavily through some tiresome, laborious task.;			395
to strike out	to hit/lash out at sb or sth.			396
on the wane	in decline.			397
to be sitting pretty	to be in a comfortable position/doing well.;		Manchester United are sitting pretty at the top of the league yet again.	398
in the bag	assured. ;		The union representative assured his colleagues that the pay rise was in the bag.	399
to pull/bring sth off	to be (unexpectedly) successful in one's attempt to do sth.		The union leader had pulled it off yet again - nobody had expected such a large pay rise.	400
to have oneself a ball	to really enjoy oneself.		The children had succeeded in opening the can of paint and were having themselves a ball painting the living room walls!	401
to carry all before one	to triumph/make a big impression on others.		Portsmouth carried all before them in their campaign to win the league by a record number of points.	402
to be at the top of one's tree	to be at the top of one's profession.		President Bush is at the top of his tree - he can't go any higher.	403
to come up to scratch	to meet required standards.		Having passed all the tests given to them so far, it had to be said that the students were up to scratch.	404
a high flyer	descriptive term for sb who is doing very well.		Most company executives can be described as high flyers.	405
to go great guns	to be doing very well, often at speed.		Having won their first seven matches, the Portsmouth football team are going great guns.	406
to be a dab hand at sth	very good at doing (normally) practical things.		George is a dab hand at decorating.	407
to be hunky dory	swell, okay, fine!		With the pay rise assured, everything was hunky dory with the staff.	408
to be coming up roses	to be turning out fine!;		Promotion, a pay rise and an offer of the chairman's daughter's hand in marriage! Everything was coming up roses for Gerald.	409
to be streets ahead	to be much better than sth else.		Manchester United are streets ahead of any other English football team at the moment.	410
run of the mill	so-so, average, nothing special.		Very few television programmes are special - most of them are run of the mill.	411
top dog	the boss, number one.		Who's the top dog round here? I want to speak to the boss.	412
to talk under one's breath	in a low voice so that no-one can hear you	półgębkiem	'Son of a bitch,' he muttered under his breath.	413
at the top of one's voice	as loud as possible.		As a teacher in a primary school I had to talk at the top of my voice for most of the time.	414
stammer	to speak with sudden pauses and a tendency to repeat the same sound or syllable rapidly.		I, I am s-s-s-orry.	415
mumble	(about) to speak or say sth in a low voice that is not clear, so that people cannot hear what is said.		He always mumbles when he is embarassed.	416
chinwag	(esp. Br.) to gossip, chat, have an informal conversation.		The two neighbours spend hours standing at the fence and chinwagging.	417
talk the hind legs of a donkey	you had better not come up to that guy in the corner.	zagadac na smierć		418
lingua franca	a language used for communication between people in an area where a number of languages are spoken. ;		English is becoming ~of the world.	419
telltale	sth that is described as ~ gives away inf. often about sth bad that would otherwise not be know.		Only occasionally did the ~ redness around his eyes betray the fatigue. The ~ smell of cigarette smoke	420
fidget	(with) to make constant small movements in a way that annoys other people.		She was fidgeting anxiously with her button.	421
fiddle	(with) to move sth a little or touch sth often.		She fiddled with the things on her desk to avoid having to look at him.	422
beckon	(to sb to do sth) to make a gesture to sb with a hand, arm or head, usually to make them come nearer or to follow.		He beckoned the waiter when he found the fly in his soup. I could see him beckoning to me.	423
shrug	to raise one's shoulder slightly as a way of expressing doubt, lack of interest, etc.		I asked her who Sam was, but she shrugged and said nothing.	424
clench one's jaw/fists/teeth	hold them together tightly, usually because of anger or determination.		John stared ad Jim, his fists and jaw clenched	425
purse one's lips	to hold them together tightly into a small circle, to show disapproval or doubt.		Mrs Bidwell pursed her lips and raised her eyebrows.	426
slump	to lean the body completely backwards or forwards, because of exhaustion, lack of consciousness or any interest.		A slumping posture can be interpreted as offensive.	427
slouch	to walk or sit with shoulders bent forwards, which makes the person look tired or lazy.		Stop slouching, it is not good for your back.	428
scowl	(at) to look at someone in an angry way.		It looks funny when my baby daughter scowls at me when I do not take her from her bed.	429
rock back and forth	to move forwards and backwards, sometimes as an unconscious mannerism			430
roll one's eyes	to move eyes round and upwards, esp. to show annoyance.		Martha rolled her eyes when Tom started to tell another stupid joke.	431
tilt one's head	to move head or chin upwards or to the side.		Joe tilted his head and looked thoughtful.	432
giveaway	some kind of sign or signal that makes something known		He smile was giveaway that she was lying.	433
leer	to look or smile at someone in a unpleasant and sexual way		Jan didn't appreciate Bill leering at her in the office.	434
pout	to push out one's bottom lip in order to show disapproval		Quit pouting and eat your peas!	435
wink at	to close one eye and open it again in order to send a signal to another person		He winked at her hoping to catch her attention.	436
sneer	to make a facial expression that shows one's own lack of respect for somebody		The convicted man sneered at the jury.	437
intelligible	can be understood		His lecture was quite intelligible to all present.	438
contortion	the state of the face or body being twisted out of their normal states		The contortion of his face was grotesque.	439
perspire	to produce sweat from the body		We knew he was lying because he was perspiring so heavily.	440
conduction	the process by which heat and/or electricity passes through a material (e.g. skin)		Lie detectors measure the conduction of a person's skin.	441
no ifs, ands or buts!	sth one says (usu. to a child) to preclude further argument/discussion.	Bez dyskusji!	No ifs, ands or buts! Just tidy your room like I told you, and that's final!	1037
apologetic	expressing regret over a wrong one has committed or some difficulty one has caused.	skruszony	Petra was very apologetic about having being so rude the other night.	1038
culture vulture	(humorous) someone who is very keen to see and experience art, theater, literature, music, etc.		She is a bit of a culture vulture. She will only visit places that have at least one art gallery.	1039
lingua franca	a language used for communication between people whose native languages differ.		English is the undisputed lingua franca of the business world.	1040
loquacious	extremely talkative, at times perhaps overdoing it.	Gadatliwy	Gina was so loquacious that we didn't have the slightest problem establishing contacts abroad.	1041
not be on speaking terms	to be refusing to talk to someone because you have had a falling out.	Nie rozmawiać z kimś	She is not on speaking terms with her ex-husband.	1042
to fight fire with fire	to respond with (i.e. resort to) like force when under heavy attack.		In the face of stiff competition from rival firms we had to fight fire with fire and slash our prices.	1043
cock andbull story	a story or explanation that is obviously untrue,	Duby smalone, banialuki	Carol gave no credit to her daughter's cock-and-bull story.	1044
to bow and scrape	(disparaging) to try to gain approval by excessive politeness and obedience.		Some teenagers need to bow and scrape just to get permission to go to a party.	1045
curtsy	formal female greeting; a slight bow, knees bent, with one foot in front of the other.	dygać	She was forced to make a curtsy to the Queen.	1046
impervious	Not affected or influenced by something and seeming not to notice it.		Jane was impervious to the criticism about her work.	1047
banter	Conversation that has a lot of jokes and teasing.		Andy used to enjoy bantering with Asia.	1048
stoic	Someone who does not show their emotions or complain when something unpleasant happens to them.		Magnus is such a stoic. Even at the funeral of his mother he managed to smile and chat about the weather.	1049
to stifle	To stop something from happening or developing.		The presence of Dr Stiff stifled all conversation among the nurses.	1050
grouchy	Bad tempered		Dr Smiggles is always scowling and snapping he is such a grouchy old man.	1051
delusions of grandeur	the belief that one is more important or powerful than one actually is	mania wielkości	Some shop assistants in this town apparently suffer from delusions of grandeur.	1052
to hunch	to bend the top part of one's body forward and raise one's shoulders and back	garbić się	He hunched his shoulders and thrust his hands deep into his pockets.	1053
to incline	to bend forward a part of one's body, esp. the head	pochylać	As the verdict was read out, the accused inclined his head in repentance.	1054
a stiff upper lip	an ability to appear calm when in pain or trouble, etc.; a sign of stoicism.		I never once saw my father cry or show any sign of vulnerability; he always kept a stiff upper lip.	1055
inscrutable	that cannot be understood or known.	niezbadany, nieodgadniony	His inscrutable expression contributed to this overwhelming feeling that he was hiding something.	1056
delve into sth	to 'dig deep' (i.e. search long and hard) for information about/on sth; investigate.	dociekać	Once you start delving into such matters there's no telling what you're liable to unearth.	1057
anomalous	different from what is normal or usual; deviating from a general rule; irregular.		Psychologists consider mystic and spiritual experiences as plainly anomalous. NATO described the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade as an 'anomaly'	1058
home truth	an unpleasant fact about a person told to him by others; the unvarnished truth.	bolesna prawda	It is time you listened to a few home truths about yourself, Bolek.	1059
sacrosanct	too important (i.e. 'sacred') to be challenged, changed, disturbed or argued about.	święty	She doesn't mind working late on occasion, but her weekends are sacrosanct.	1060
hammered	To be very drunk.		Because the drinks were so cheap we got completely hammered!	1061
dirge	Slow, irritating noise		The rush-hour traffic was a complete dirge.	1062
al fresco	In the open air.		There's something very pleasant about dining al fresco.	1063
per se	In itself.		The music wasn't particularly good, per se, but I enjoyed the overall performance.	1064
hyperdrive	excessive desire and determination to get things done or to achieve something.		According to the doctor, her depression was caused by her hyperdrive to become a celebrity.	1065
the writing (is) on the wall	(there are) clear signs that warn of failure, disaster or defeat.		The firm was headed for rough sailing; the writing was on the wall and lay-offs were imminent.	1066
to play hooky	to stay away from school without permission.	wagarować	John's parents decided to punish him severely for playing hooky.	1067
to fly/ leave the nest	to leave your parents' home for the first time in order to live somewhere else.		Once the kids have all flown the nest we'll sell this flat and move to the country.	1068
incantation	a series of words used as a magic spell or charm.	zaklęcia, słowa magiczne	The gambler muttered an incantation to himself as he released the dice.	1069
paradigm	an example serving as a model; pattern, ideal, e.g. a paradigm of virtue.		They always held his brother up as a sort of paradigm.	1070
to intimidate	to force into or deter from some action by inducing fear; to make timid; to overawe or cow, as through the force of one's personality or by display of wealth, talent, etc.		The gang tried to intimidate the merchant. I must admit I felt more than a little intimidated.	1071
to intimate sth	to indicate or make known indirectly; hint; imply; suggest, insinuate.		The report intimated that more was involved than met the eye.	1072
discourse	communication of thought by words; talk; conversation; treat a subject formally in speech or writing.		The lawyers enjoyed hours of leisurely discourse at their club. We listened to a discourse on the evils of drugs. The professors discoursed on Mycenaean civilization for an hour.	1073
to permeate	to be diffused through; pervade.		His cigar smoke permeates the house. The rain permeated the old tent. Bias permeated the report.	1074
concise	cutting to the heart of the matter; brief but comprehensive; succinct.		Write a concise summary of the book.	1075
arcane	mysterious, secretive.	tajemniczy, skryty	The arcane attitude of the FBI must be dealt with soon - we need more openness in government, not less.	1076
conversely	Opposite to...	odwrotnie	Those at the top end of the alphabet have high self-esteem while, conversely, those at the bottom have low selfesteem,	1077
codswallop	Absolute nonsense		Upon hearing Mr. Smith's claim that 'All dogs have four legs, my cat has four legs, therefore my cat is a dog', they realized that he was talking complete codswallop.	1078
disadvantaged	in unfavorable conditions,	(będący w niekorzystnym położeniu	Those at the lower end of the alphabet are disadvantaged by their position when things are arranged in alphabetical order. They certainly have to wait longer, at any rate	1079
ludicrous	absurd, ridiculous, laughable,	absurdalny śmieszny	There's a spaceship in your back garden? What a ludicrous idea!	1080
scathing	severely critical,	krytyczny, zjadliwy	The manager of our football team came in for scathing criticism after yet another defeat	1081
affluent	rich.	dostatni, będący w dobrobycie	Most people would say that Britain is an affluent society, particularly compared to third world countries.	1082
to champion sth	to support the cause of/defend sth. Some people say we should all champion the cause of feminism for in the end its in everybody's interest to do so.			1083
to plough through sth	to plod heavily through some tiresome, laborious task.			1084
to strike out	to hit/lash out at sb or sth.			1085
on the wane	in decline.			1086
to be sitting pretty	to be in a comfortable position/doing well.		Manchester United are sitting pretty at the top of the league yet again.	1087
in the bag	assured.		The union representative assured his colleagues that the pay rise was in the bag.	1088
to pull/bring sth off	to be (unexpectedly) successful in one's attempt to do sth.		The union leader had pulled it off yet again - nobody had expected such a large pay rise.	1089
to have oneself a ball	to really enjoy oneself.		The children had succeeded in opening the can of paint and were having themselves a ball painting the living room walls!	1090
to carry all before one	to triumph/make a big impression on others.		Portsmouth carried all before them in their campaign to win the league by a record number of points.	1091
to be at the top of one's tree	to be at the top of one's profession.		President Bush is at the top of his tree - he can't go any higher.	1092
to come up to scratch	to meet required standards.		Having passed all the tests given to them so far, it had to be said that the students were up to scratch.	1093
a high flyer	descriptive term for sb who is doing very well.		Most company executives can be described as high flyers.	1094
to go great guns	to be doing very well, often at speed.		Having won their first seven matches, the Portsmouth football team are going great guns.	1095
to be a dab hand at sth	very good at doing (normally) practical things.		George is a dab hand at decorating.	1096
to be hunky dory	swell, okay, fine!		With the pay rise assured, everything was hunky dory with the staff.	1097
to be coming up roses	to be turning out fine!		Promotion, a pay rise and an offer of the chairman's daughter's hand in marriage! Everything was coming up roses for Gerald.	1098
to be streets ahead	to be much better than sth else.		Manchester United are streets ahead of any other English football team at the moment.	1099
run of the mill	so-so, average, nothing special.		Very few television programs are special - most of them are run of the mill.	1100
top dog	the boss, number one.		Who's the top dog round here? I want to speak to the boss.	1101
nonverbal	not using word: Using body language is a great example of nonverbal communication.	niewerbalny	You do not have to use any words to express your feelings- it's called nonverbal means of expression.	1102
polyglot	a person speaking many languages	poliglota	I'd like to be a polyglot so that I could go to different countries and understand what people say.	1103
polyglot	He knows eight different languages so you may say he is a polyglot.			1104
extrovert	a person who likes to spend time in activities with other people rather than being quiet and alone ,	ekstrowertyk	Extroverts are outgoing, sociable kind of people.	1105
extrovert	Everybody likes her a lot because of her extroverted behavior.			1106
medium	a means for communicating,	środek przekazu	English is the medium of instruction. We use telephones as medium for staying in touch with people who live far away.	1107
gesticulation	a movement with one's hands or arms to communicate something that using only words cannot,	gestykulacja	He used gesticulation to help them understand. He uses gesticulation too often; he should concentrate on the words more.	1108
discern	to understand, realize,	rozeznawać się	He is unable to discern what is going on. How can I discern if what he's saying is true?	1109
shrug	to raise your shoulders to show you either don't know, or don't care about something,	wzruszać ramionami	"Who knows?" he said and shrugged.	1110
telepathy	communication of thoughts and feelings between people's minds without using speech or other physical signs,	telepatia	If we could communicate through telepathy spoken language would die out	1111
hedge	to avoid giving a direct answer,	unikać odpowiedzi	Stop hedging and answer my question.	1112
taciturn	speaking very little,	małomówny	Women often accuse men of being too taciturn.	1113
chinwag	to chat,	gawiedzić	My mother and aunt can chinwag for hours on end.	1114
sign language	system of communication used by deaf - mute people involving hand gestures,	język migowy	In some universities you can study sign language as a second language	1115
butt in (coll.)	to interrupt	wtracac się	Things were going well until you had to butt in.	1116
chime in (coll.)	to give one's opinion about something	wtrącić się	He is always ready to chime in with his opinion.	1117
banter	a light joking talk ,	przekomarzanie się	He tried to cover his shyness with a lot of banter.	1118
be on a different wavelength	to think differently from someone else (coll),	nadawać na różnych falach	We are just on different wavelengths when it comes to politics.	1119
white lie	a harmless, unimportant lie,	kłamstewko	I had to tell her a little white lie so I wouldn't hurt her feelings.	1120
to get in touch with	to contact sb through mail, phone etc,	skontaktować się	Please get in touch with through email	1121
to spoil for a fight	To be very keen to have a fight or argument with someone.		Every time I said something he contradicted me. It was obvious he was spoiling for a fight.	1122
over enamoured with sthg	Liking something very much (But often used in the negative)		Karen doesn't seem exactly over enamored with her new job.	1123
to make something out	to come to understand with some difficulty,	zrozumieć		1124
altercation	Short disagreement.		Since we had our little altercation she hasn't spoken to me.	1125
top dog	the boss, number one.		Who's the top dog round here? I want to speak to the boss.	1955
nonverbal	not using words	niewerbalny;	Using body language is a great example of nonverbal communication. You do not have to use any words to express your feelings- it's called nonverbal means of expression.	1956
polyglot	a person speaking many languages	poliglota;	I'd like to be a polyglot so that I could go to different countries and understand what people say. He knows eight different languages so you may say he is a polyglot.	1957
extrovert	a person who likes to spend time in activities with other people rather than being quiet and alone ,	ekstrowertyk;	Extroverts are outgoing, sociable kind of people. Everybody likes her a lot because of her extroverted behavior.	1958
medium	a means for communicating,	środek przekazu;	English is the medium of instruction We use telephones as medium for staying in touch with people who live far away.	1959
gesticulation	a movement with one's hands or arms to communicate something that using only words cannot,	gestykulacja;	He used gesticulation to help them understand. He uses gesticulation too often; he should concentrate on the words more.	1960
discern	to understand, realize,	rozeznawać się	He is unable to discern what is going on. How can I discern if what he's saying is true?	1961
shrug	to raise your shoulders to show you either don't know, or don't care about something,	wzruszać ramionami	"Who knows?" he said and shrugged.	1962
telepathy	communication of thoughts and feelings between people's minds without using speech or other physical signs,	telepatia	If we could communicate through telepathy spoken language would die out.	1963
hedge	to avoid giving a direct answer,	unikać odpowiedzi	Stop hedging and answer my question.	1964
taciturn	speaking very little,	małomówny	Women often accuse men of being too taciturn.	1965
chinwag	to chat,	gawiedzić	My mother and aunt can chinwag for hours on end.	1966
sign language	system of communication used by deaf - mute people involving hand gestures,	język migowy	In some universities you can study sign language as a second language.	1967
butt in	to interrupt (coll.),	wtracić się	Things were going well until you had to butt in.	1968
chime in	to give one's opinion about something (coll.),		He is always ready to chime in with his opinion.	1969
banter	a light joking talk ,	przekomarzanie się	He tried to cover his shyness with a lot of banter.	1970
be on a different wavelength	to think differently from someone else (coll),	nadawać na różnych falach	We are just on different wavelengths when it comes to politics.	1971
white lie	a harmless, unimportant lie,	kłamstewko	I had to tell her a little white lie so I wouldn't hurt her feelings.	1972
to get in touch with	to contact sb through mail, phone etc,	skontaktować się	Please get in touch with through email.	1973
to spoil for a fight	to be very keen to have a fight or argument with someone.		Every time I said something he contradicted me. It was obvious he was spoiling for a fight.	1974
over enamoured with sthg	Liking something very much (But often used in the negative)		Karen doesn't seem exactly over enamored with her new job.	1975
to make something out	to come to understand with some difficulty,	zrozumieć		1976
altercation	short disagreement.		Since we had our little altercation she hasn't spoken to me.	1977
sentiment	thought or judgement caused or influenced by feeling:		The prime minister has condemned this act of terrorism and the other party leaders have expressed similar sentiments.	1978
flummox	to confuse completely		She was completely flummoxed by the second question.	1979
unnerve	to take away courage or confidence		The experience completely unnerved me.	1980
drool	to show enjoyment or admiration in a foolish or unpleasant way		The boys were drooling over a picture of a girl in a bikini.	1981
obtuse	annoyingly slow in understanding		Is he stupid or is he being deliberately obtuse?	1982
speak volumes	to show or express very clearly or fully		He refused to answer their accusations but his silence spoke volumes.	1983
wince	to move back suddenly as if drawing away from something painful or unpleasant		He winced mentally at her angry words.	1984
inscrutable	very difficult to understand, mysterious		An inscrutable smile was all I got in answer to my question.	1985
forbearance	patience, forgiveness		The poor child doesn't understand that he is doing wrong; you must treat him with more forbearance.	1986
harangue	to attack or try to persuade with a long, often loud and attacking speech		The teacher harangued us about our untidy work.	1987
opinionated	too sure of the rightness of one's opinions		Felix is too opinionated to change his mind, even if he knows he is wrong.	1988
partial	showing special favour to one person, side etc., especially in a way that is unfair		It will be difficult to find a judge who is not partial.	1989
heed	to give attention to		She didn't heed my warning.	1990
wheedle	to persuade by pleasant but insincere behaviour or words		She wheedled him into taking her with him.	1991
snap	to speak or say quickly, usually in an annoyed way		He tends to snap at people when he's got a headache.	1992
brushoff	a clear refusal to be friendly or to listen; rude dismissal		I wanted to speak to her, but she gave me the brush-off.	1993
overbearing	frequently trying to tell other people what to do without regard for their ideas or feelings		His overbearing personality makes him difficult to work with.	1994
repartee	(the ability to make) quick, amusing answers in conversation		I enjoy listening to their witty repartee.	1995
animosity	powerful, often active, hatred		One could clearly see the animosity between the two party leaders.	1996
livid	furious		My husband will be livid if he finds you here.	1997
curt	saying too little to be polite, blunt		I find his curt manner off-putting.	1998
placate	to cause to stop feeling angry		I offered to placate her by offering to pay for the repairs.	1999
placid	not easily made angry or excited		This horse is very placid so you have nothing to worry about.	2000
waver	to be uncertain or unsteady in movement or decision		He wavered between accepting and refusing.	2001
ethnocentric	the belief that one's own culture is superior to that of others.		His work is open to the criticism that it is ethnocentric.	2002
ethos	the set of ideas and attitudes that are associated with a particular group of people or activity		The ethos of the company is to provide and excellent service at the lowest possible price.	2003
ethnicity	the state or fact of belonging to a particular ethnic group.		She said her ethnicity was not important to her.	2004
idiosyncrasy	a person's unusual habits or characteristics		One of his idiosyncrasies was to wear gloves all year around no matter the weather.	2005
idealize	to think of or represent somebody or something as perfect or much better than they really are.		He tended to idealize his father.	2006
incisive	the ability to think and express oneself clearly.		She has a very incisive mind.	2007
incongruous	when sth. or someone seems strange when considered together with other aspects of a situation.		An Indian temple might be said to be an incongruous sight in a Polish village	2008
gait	the way a person has of walking or carrying themselves.		I knew him by his gait.	2009
gestural	consisting of or relating to gestures and movement.		There is a gestural quality to much of her early work.	2010
innuendo	An indirect reference to something rude or unpleasant		The article was full of sexual innuendo.	2011
innocuous	sth not at all harmful or controversial.		Even seeming innocuous words can be offensive if used in the wrong context.	2012
innate	a quality which a person was born with.		Our moral sense is innate.	2013
injudicious	that which shows poor judgment.		The President was criticized by the opposition on account of the injudicious remarks he made to a journalist.	2014
sacrosanct	sth highly valued and considered above criticism.		Freedom of speech is sacrosanct in western democracies.	2015
sacriligious	showing great disrespect towards that which people think holy or should be respected.		A number of churches were sacked and sacrilegious acts committed.	2016
second guess	To try and guess in advance a particular outcome		Journalists are trying to second-guess the election outcome.	2017
stave off	to succeed in stopping something for a while.		He did everything he could to stave off accepting responsibility for his actions.	2018
convoluted	sth which is overly complicated and difficult to understand		His explanation was all too convoluted.	2019
extemporize	to speak , act or perform something without preparation beforehand.		She departed from the text and extemporized in a very energetic fashion.	2020
extant	sth which is still in existence despite being very old		Two 14th century manuscripts of the text are still extant.	2021

Crime and Punishment

Word	Definition	Translation	Example	nr
safeguards (against)	sth that is designed to protect people from harm, risk or danger		Stronger legal safeguards are needed to protect the consumer.	86
excessive	greater than appropriate	nadmierny, w nadmiarze	The amount of offensive material exposed in films nowadays is surely excessive.	87
to infringe (on)	to limit	ograniczać, naruszać	Many people think that censorship infringes on their freedom.	88
gratuitous	unnecessary	niepotrzebny	Certain scenes in action films are too violent and gratuitous.	89
tabloid	a newspaper that has a lot of stories about sex, famous people, etc., but not much serious news	brukowiec	Tabloids tend to make a mountain out of a molehill in order to attract potential readers.	90
miscarriage of justice	a situation when a court wrongly punishes someone for something he or she did not commit	pomyłka sądowa	After spending 5 months in prison Peter was pardoned and the judge admitted that his case was an obvious miscarriage of justice.	91
to convict	to prove or announce that someone is guilty of a crime	skazać, zasądzić	After the trial McVeigh was convicted and sentenced to death.	92
to acquit	to decide officially that someone is not guilty of a crime	uniewinnić	Yesterday all the petty criminals were acquitted!	93
death row	the part of a prison where prisoners are kept while waiting for execution	cela śmierci	Before the execution the murderer spent 48 hours in the death row.	94
attorney	a lawyer (in American English)	obrońca w sądzie	If you are guilty of a serious offence you need a good attorney to get you out of the trouble.	95
to burden	(used in passive - be burden with / by) to have a lot of problems because of a particular reason	być obciążonym czymś	My uncle John is burdened with a debt.	96
remorse	feeling of being sorry for doing something bad	skrucha, wyrzut sumienia	When I found her crying in her room I was full of remorse for what I had done.	97
anguish	mental or physical suffer caused by pain or worry	udręka, boleść	When my friend died in an accident all I felt was anguish and sorrow.	98
hatred	an angry feeling of extreme dislike for someone or something	nienawiść	When I asked her what had happened she replied with hatred and anger.	99
trauma	1) a very unpleasant and upsetting experience	uraz		100
trauma	2) a mental state of extreme shock caused by a very frightening and unpleasant experience		After being raped Jessica had to spend several months in hospital to get cured of the constant trauma	101
vengeance	something violent or harmful you do to someone to punish him or her for harming you	zemsta	After her daughter was killed Kate is overwhelmed by a desire of vengeance.	102
mobster	member of an organised criminal group	gangster	People say that a famous and dangerous mobster rules this part of our city.	103
to accomplish	to succeed in doing something, especially after trying very hard	osiągać, dokonywać	Slowly but surely I have accomplished everything I wanted to.	104
reluctant	slow and unwilling	ociągający się	She seemed reluctant to join in the discussion.	105
die hard	someone opposes change and refuses to accept new ideas	nie dający się łatwo wykorzenić	My father is a real die hard. He will never get used to pierced noses and vividly dyed hair one can see on the street nowadays.	106
inmate	someone who is kept in a prison or mental hospital	pensjonariusz, więzień	Yesterday morning one of the inmates of our mental hospital escaped unexpectedly.	107
retribution	severe punishment that is deserved	zadośćuczynienie	People are convicted that all criminals should get a retribution for their deeds.	108
extortionate	an extortionate price, demand, etc. is extremely high	wygórowany	We wanted to take exams in French this month but we found the demands extortionate.	109
random	happening or chosen without any particular plan, aim or pattern	losowo, przypadkowo	The killer selected his victims at random.	110
superintendent	a police officer of a high rank	nadinspektor	Detective Superintendent Ron Marsh	111
sombre	dark and dull	ciemny, mroczny	The room was painted in sombre colours	112
closure	the permanent closing, e.g. of a business	zamknięcie	The firm is threatened with closure.	113
postpone	arranging that something will happen at a later time than planned	odraczać, przesuwać w czasie	Because of illness, the concert is postponed until further notice.	114
abrupt	sudden and unexpected	nagły	An abrupt change of plan.	115
bereaved	having had a relative or close friend die	dotknięty śmiercią bliskiej osoby	I've been bereaved since my wife died.	116
parole	allowing a prisoner to go free before the end of his term in prison on condition that he continues to behave well	zwolnienie warunkowe z więzienia	He's going to be released on parole.	117
relinquish	to stop having or doing something	zaprzestać	Relinquishing the quest for revenge has given him release.	118
mugger	a person who attacks and robs sb in the street		The mugger hit him on the head and ran away with his suitcase. Some young mugger robbed me of my purse as I was walking down this street last night.	119
arsonist	a person who illegally sets fire to a building		The arsonist set fire to the building by throwing a petrol bomb through the window.	120
joyriding	a ride in a stolen car		The boy was arrested for joyriding after the police recognized the stolen car he was driving.	121
caught redhanded	caught during committing a crime	przyłapany na gorącym uczynku	The judge didn't need any further proof as the accused was caught redhanded.	122
to do time	to spend a period of time in prison as punishment for a crime		The terrorist will do time at Trencham Prison.	123
defamation	a lie about sb that damages one's reputation	zniesławienie	This article is a defamation of an honest politician.	124
manslaughter	murder that is not fully intentional or premeditated	nieumyślne zabójstwo	The drunken driver was convicted for manslaughter after his car hit three people.	125
perjury	the action of telling a lie in a lawcourt	krzywoprzysięstwo	Two of my employees were convicted for perjury as they lied to judge to protect me.	126
battering	the criminal act of treating sb violently or threatening them	napastowanie	He was found innocent of battering his small child.	127
ram-raiding	driving a stolen car through a shop window and stealing the goods inside		They were accused of ram-raiding as they first stole a car and then robbed the drugstore driving into it in the vehicle.	128
plaintiff	a person that brings a legal action against sb in a lawcourt		The jury found for the plaintiff, so the accused had to apologize.	129
acquitted	allowed to go free with no blame attached		The guilt was not proved so the accused was acquitted.	130
bailiff	a person who calls the witnesses when it is their turn to come into the courtroom		I heard bailiff shouting my surname and I knew it was my turn to testify.	131
to be on the beat	of policeman, to walk around an area to prevent trouble	patrolować	Our local constable used to be on the beat in the evenings so we felt pretty safe on the streets.	132
petty crime	less serious offences		The teenagers were arrested for spraying graffiti on various buildings, which is a good example of the sorts of petty crime young people get involved in round here.	133
abduct	to take sb away illegally		Parents won't allow their children to walk to school alone in case they are abducted.	134
larceny	theft		He was accused of larceny - they said he'd stolen CDs from a shop.	135
criminalize	to make sth illegal by passing a new law		The Pope has said many times that abortion should be criminalized.The Pope has often called for the criminalization of abortion.	136
scapegoat	sb who is blamed for sth bad even if it is not their fault	kozioł ofiarny	He claimed he had been made a scapegoat for the administration failures.	137
confidence trickster	sb who deceives or cheats people	naciągacz	a slick, fasttalking confidence trickster	138
contempt of court	disobedience or disrespect towards a court of law, not doing what a judge or a court of law has told you to do	obraza sądu	As a result of contempt of court he was fined	139
to fiddle the accounts/ to cook the books	to give false figures in a company's financial records	manipulować w księgach handlowych	He was caught while fiddling the accounts.	140
probation	a system that allows some criminals not to go to prison or to be released early if they behave well and see a probation officer regularly, for a fixed period of time	kuratela	The court fined him and gave him two year's probation.	141
to endorse a licence	a note placed on sb's driving licence after being caught committing a driving offence	wpisać naruszenie przepisów do prawa jazdy	After jumping the lights he had his licence endorsed.	142
to wipe out/stamp out/clamp down on crime	to take every possible step in order to end or reduce crime	zlikwidować przestępczość	The president promised to clamp down on crime as quickly as possible.	143
to be at large	when a criminal is at large he's free and can commit crimes	grasować	People are afraid to walk the streets as the murderer is still at large.	144
embezzle	to steal money from the place where you work	malwersować	She embezzled $10,000 by falsifying the accounts	145
black marketing	the system by which people illegally buy and sell foreign money and goods that are difficult to obtain	spekulacja	There's a thriving black market in vehicle parts	146
tax evasion	avoiding to pay taxes	uchylanie się od płacenia podatków	Al. Capone was arrested for tax evasion.	147
to extort	to illegally force sb to give you money by threatening them	wymuszać	The landlord tried to cover his losses by extorting high rents from tenants.	148
genocide	the deliberate killing of a nation or race of people		Genocide is characteristic of the Second World War.	149
ethnic cleansing	the policy or practice of killing or driving out of an area the people of one race or religion by those of another		Ethnic cleansing was first brought into practice by the Serbs in the former Yugoslavia.	150
exile	the state of being sent away from one's native country or home, esp. for political reasons or as punishment; forced absence		For political reasons she was sent into exile.	151
an outburst/an outbreak(of violence)	a sudden appearance or start of violence		An outbreak of violence was the first stage of the revolution.	152
an upheaval	a great or complete change involving disturbance, confusion, trouble		Political upheavals are very common these days.	153
coup d'etat	a sudden, illegal and often violent, change of government		He seized power in a military coup d'etat.	154
trigger sth off	to be the cause of a sudden, often violent action		The riots were triggered off by a series of police arrests.	155
deterrent (to)	thing that makes sb decide not to do sth		Punishment is seen as deterrent to crime.	156
desire for retribution	desire for revenge		One of the aspects of death penalty is society's desire for retribution.	157
make a clean breast of sth	to confess.		Come on - admit you committed the crime! You'll feel much better if you make a clean breast of things.	442
be on the level	to be honest/serious.		No, I'm not joking, I'm on the level - there really is a spaceship just landed in our back garden!	443
be in the clear	to be assumed innocent.		There's no need to worry anymore - with Hopkin's confession to the crime we're in the clear.	444
get off/go scot free	to escape punishment/be released.		The criminal got off scot free due to a legal technicality.	445
keep one's nose clean	to stay within the bounds of the law.		The ex convict declared that from now on he was going to keep his nose clean and stay within the bounds of the law.	446
be squeaky clean	to be considered completely innocent.		There's no question of whether Jones is guilty or not - he's squeaky clean.	447
be above suspicion	to be not even contemplated as possibly being guilty.		Jones is above suspicion, you mean?	448
show a clean pair of heels	to run away.		I chased after the mugger but he showed me a clean pair of heels and got away.	449
be caught red handed	to be caught in the act of doing sth - usually sth wrong.		Jones was caught red handed - with his hands literally in the till.	450
on the run	running away, trying to evade justice.		The police stated that the escaped prisoners were now on the run.	451
come clean	to confess.			452
the long arm of the law	phrase emphasizing the power of the law/the police - as being far reaching.		You can't escape the long arm of the law - if you commit a crime, they'll catch you in the end.	453
be lightfingered	to be prone to stealing things!		I wouldn't trust Jones if I were you, he's light-fingered and has a habit of stealing things!	454
to aid and abet sb	to help sb commit a crime.		Hopkins has been accused of aiding and abetting Jones in committing the robbery by saying when the manager was away.	455
as thick as thieves	secretive, on close personal terms.		You won't get Jones to admit that Hopkins helped him though - they're as thick as thieves, of course.	456
to turn queen's evidence	to give evidence in court.		You mean, Jones won't turn queen's evidence and say in court that Hopkins helped him?	457
to point the finger at sb	to indicate that sb is to blame for sth.		Well, that was quite a surprise - when Jones pointed the finger at Hopkins!	458
to carry the can	to take the whole blame for sth.		I don't know, I suppose it was not such a surprise that Jones decided not to carry the can!	459
to leave no stone unturned	to investigate thoroughly.		The police have declared that they will leave no stone unturned in their attempt to catch the crooks who robbed the bank.	460
to tip sb the wink	to give sb/let sb know usually secret/confidential information.		The police knew that sb was going to rob the bank as sb had tipped them the wink.	461
to case the joint	to observe a property/place before robbing it.		Apparently the thieves had been casing the joint for ages before finally burgling it.	462
to be in cahoots with sb	to be in (secret) collusion with sb.		Criminals, like spies, are quite often in cahoots with one another.	463
an open and shut case	a straightforward case, one easily proved in court.			464
a last ditch attempt	a final attempt.		The criminals made a last ditch attempt to open the safe by blowing it up, but unfortunately they blew up its contents as well!	465
bigamy	the crime of being married to two people at the same time			466
misdemeanour	(formal) - a bad or unacceptable action that is not very serious.		Al beats his kids for even the smallest ~	467
felony	a serious crime, such as murder.		For that felony he may be sentenced to death.	468
forger	sb who illegally copies documents, money, paintings, etc.			469
racketeer	sb who is involved in an dishonest manner of obtaining money.			470
fraud/con man	sb who deceives people to obtain money, friendship, etc.			471
guerrilla	a member of an unofficial military group, that attacks its enemies in small groups unexpectedly			472
to ransack	to search a place very thoroughly, stealing things and causing damage.		Houses were wrecked and ransacked by wandering groups of guerrillas.	473
to interrogate	to ask sb for a long time to get information.		The police interrogated the suspect for several hours.	474
to set a trap	to prepare a trap			475
slander/libel	a false spoken statement about sb, which is intended to damage the good opinion that people have about that person. The legal offence of making a statement of this kind.		Mr. Jackson was awarded record damages against his partners for slander.	476
negligence	failure to take enough care of sth that you are responsible for.		The architect was sued for criminal ~	477
ransom	an amount of money paid to free sb who is held as a prisoner		The kidnappers were demanding a ~ of $ 30,000.	478
manslaughter	the crime of killing a man.			479
counterfeit money	faked money, looking exactly as real money.		The criminals were arrested when then tried to pay with ~.	480
summons	an official order to appear in a court of law.		Whose responsibility is it to serve a ~ on Mr. Brown?	481
baby/wifebattering	the crime of hitting the baby/wife hard			482
espionage	the activity of secretly finding out a country secrets.		Some of the government staff were definitely involved in ~	483
bribery	dishonestly offering people money to get them to do us some favor.		We tried persuasion, ~ and threats.	484
trespass	the offence of going onto sb's land without their permission			485
rule infraction	violation or infringement of a law or agreement			486
to infringe	to violate ( a law, agreement)			487
public defender	a person employed by the government to defend criminals who most often cannot afford to hire a lawyer		Public defenders are often times underpaid and overworked.	488
to appeal	to make a serious or formal request		We will appeal to the judge in the morning.	489
jury	a group of people who have been chosen to listen to the facts in a trial and then decide whether a person is innocent or guilty		The jury took nine days to decide his guilt.	490
prosecutor	a legal representative in a court of law who officially accuses somebody of a crime		That prosecutor wants to put that man in prison.	491
trial	the hearing of statements and showing of objects in a court of law for the purpose of judging whether a person is guilty of a crime		How long will this trial last?	492
evidence	one or more reasons for believing that some is or is not true		The amount of evidence against the woman led to her rapid conviction.	493
to convict	to officially decide in a court of law that somebody is guilty		The thief was convicted and sent to prison.	494
to sentence	to give a person found guilty of a crime his punishment		The judge sentenced me to life imprisonment.	495
to acquit	to decide officially in a court of law that someone is not guilty of a particular crime		It was hard for the public to understand why the jury acquitted the gang of thugs.	496
crime scene	the place where a crime has taken place		The crime scene was covered in blood.	497
accomplice	a person who helps somebody else commit a crime or do something morally wrong		The crime was too big to be done without the help of an accomplice.	498
perjury	a crime in which a person lies in a court of law after promising not to do so		She was sentenced to an extra two years in jail for perjury.	499
parole	the releasing of a prisoner either temporarily of before his period in prison is finished, with the agreement that he behaves well		The crime was committed while the prisoner was out on parole.	500
disorders	problems in how the body functions.		Health problems caused by mutations in the genes are referred to as genetic disorders.	501
eugenics	the belief that information about heredity can be used to improve the human race.			502
paternity	identification of the father of a child.			503
nucleus	the central part of a cell where the chromosomes are contained.			504
heredity	the handing down of certain traits from parents to their offspring.		The process of heredity occurs through the genes.	505
germ cells	the cells of the body involved in reproduction.		Sperm of the male and eggs of the female are formed from germ cells.	506
to throw a game (inf.)	(race, contest) to lose intentionally, especially in return for a bribe.		Look how they are playing. They are going to throw the game!	507
to get caught doping	to get caught under the influence of drugs (in sports).		Do you think an athlet should be banned from a race for getting caught doping?	508
to jeer	to make rude or mocking remarks about sb		The football fans jeered the referee.	509
offspring	child or children			510
a species	type or sort (usually of plant or anima)			511
genetic engineering	a process by which genes are passed artificially into a plant or animal to produce a partially man-made species			512
cloning	in biotechnology, obtaining a group of genetically identical cells from a single cell. This term has assumed a more general meaning that includes making copies of a gene.			513
an embryo	the organism which eventually becomes a baby, in its first days of being			514
selective breeding	pairing mother and father, particularly to produce a special type of offspring e.g. racehorses or high milk-producing cows. The selection of certain seeds or animals for reproduction in order to influence the traits inherited by the next generation.			515
nucleus	The central part of a cell where the chromosomes are contained.			516
haemophilia	an inherited disease, which prevents the normal clotting of blood, so that a minor wound may be fatal			517
blood plasma	pale, yellow fluid portion of the blood; blood form which blood cells and platelets have been removed			518
infertility	an inability to produce children;			519
artificial insemination	the placing of the male sperm into a woman by a surgical operation			520
behavioural genetics	the study of whether and how traits for behavior are inherited.			521
laid back	relaxed, with an easygoing manner (see below).	lekkoduszny)	Alan has a very laid back attitude towards his work and doesn't take it too seriously.	522
happygo-lucky	taking things cheerfully, as they happen.	niefrasobliwy	Brian has a happy-go-lucky personality - nothing seems to bother him.	523
easygoing	not strict, taking things as they are.	spokojny, opanowany	I think, ultimately, strict teachers are better than easygoing ones.	524
carefree	free from anxiety or responsibility.	opanowany	Robert is a carefree sort of person and never worries about anything.	525
careless	thoughtless, negligent.	beztroski	John is very careless - he's always knocking things over.	526
uptight	tense, nervous.	spięty	You seem rather uptight today -what's worrying you?	527
ulcerative	causing ulcers.	będący przyczyną wystąpienia wrzodów)	Worrying too much can be ulcerative - you may have to see a doctor to get yourulcers treated.	528
control freak	sb with an obsessive desire/need to be in control.	osoba opanowana chęcią rządzenia)	Workaholics are often control freaks - they must be in charge of everything.	529
weary	tired.	znużony	After their long march, the troops were feeling rather weary.	530
acclimatised	habituated to new climate or situations.	zaaklimatyzowany	When playing at high altitudes, teams need time to become acclimatised to the different conditions.	531
diligent	industrious, hard working.	pilny	Most employers prefer diligent workers to lazy ones!	532
conscious	knowing, aware, awake.	świadomy, przytomny	Sorry, I wasn't conscious of the fact that that was your cup of tea - can I make you another one?	533
conscientious	scrupulous, obedient to conscience.	sumienny	Being a conscientious person and despite Robert's acceptance of his apology, Gerald still felt pangs of conscience about drinking Robert's tea!	534
capitulate	to surrender, give in.	kapitulacja	The Taleban leader said his forces would never capitulate and would keep fighting to the very last man!	535
a workout	a period of usually strenuous exercise in a gymnasium. ;		The occasional work out in a gymnasium is good for your health.	536
slumped	to lay prostrate (e.g. on the sofa), or simply to fall rapidly (usually, financially, in value).	opaść	After a busy day at work there's nothing I like more than to lay slumped on the sofa!	537
wacky	crazy.	szalony	Alien beings living on the moon - what a wacky idea!	538
geared to	suited for the purpose of/specially designed for.	być nastawionym na coś	This vocabulary list is geared to increasing your range of vocabulary.	539
to sulk	to be silent, inactive, unsociable - esp after an argument.	dąsać się	I think Jane's sulking after our argument - she's stopped talking to me.	540
a doddle	easy.	łatwizna	This test is a doddle - everyone should pass it.	541
lollop	to move in a lounging/ungainly way.;		The giraffe lolloped its way over to the tree opposite.	542
farfetched	unlikely, unrealistic, unbelievable (usually relating to a story or idea).	mało prawdopodobny	I think Gerald's excuse for being late is a little far-fetched - I don't believe a spaceship landed in his back garden at all!	543
disconcerted	worried.	zaniepokojony	Don't worry - there's no need to be disconcerted - Gerald has now been put on medication!	544
stressed out	in a state of being heavily stressed.	zestresowany	Our therapy is specially designed to help stressed out businessmen relax.	545
hollering	shouting.	wrzeszczeć	I wish you'd stop hollering at me - I'm not deaf!	546
to be over the worst,	to recover			547
to get over the illness	to recover			548
to look below par	to look or feel ill			549
to be coming down with sth	to look or feel ill			550
to look a bit run down	to look or feel ill			551
to be running a temperature	to develop high temperature			552
belching	an act of sending out gas form the stomach noisily through the mouth.		John! Can't you stop ~ ?	553
colic	severe pain in the stomach and bowels.		Little babies suffer from colic very frequently.	554
constipation	difficult or infrequent emptying of the bowels			555
cramp	sudden and painful tightening of the muscles		Be careful jumping into cool water, as you can get a cramp.	556
diarrhoea	too frequent and watery emptying of the bowels			557
heartburn	a burning sensation in the stomach from indigestion			558
hiccups	a spasm of the respiratory muscles.		It's the third time I have had ~ today.	559
indigestion	difficulty in digesting food.		Could I get some pills for ~, please?	560
inflammation	a redness and swelling attended with heat, pain;		How did you get this ~ of your eyes?	561
jaundice	yellowness of the skin and the whites of the eyes			562
nausea	feeling of sickness caused by bad food. ;		Doctor, I had some sandwiches for supper, and then I suffered from ~ all the night.	563
neuralgia	pain in the nerve ;		Miss Dobson can you think of any situations that precede your ~ ?	564
pus	yellowish substance coming out from an infected place in the body.		You did not want to have your tooth extracted, and now there is a lot of puss in it.	565
rash	patch of tiny red spots on the skin.		You have rash on your cheeks, you must have eaten strawberries, Johnny.	566
midwife	a specially trained nurse, whose job is to help women when they are having a baby		Traditionally, local midwives would deliver all the babies.	567
quack	someone who pretends to have medical knowledge;		He's a quack. I'm not going to follow his advice.	568
physical	an examination of the body by a doctor		It's recommended to have a routine exam once a year.	569
operating room	a room in a hospital where operations are done;		The patient is already in the operating room.	570
infirmary	a hospital;		My grandmother spent most of her childhood in the infirmary	571
ward	a large room or section of a hospital where sick people stay;		She's in charge of three different wards.	572
twinge	a sudden feeling of slight pain;		I'm a bit worried about the twinge in my back.	573
sedative	a drug used to make sb sleepy or calm;		I had to take a sedative before my operation.	574
placebo	a substance given to a patient instead of medicine without telling them it is not real, so that they get better because they think that they are taking medicine		After being given the placebo for several weeks, he started to feel better.	575
preventative medicine	medical treatment, advice, or education that is designed to prevent diseases from happening rather than to cure them;		Plenty of sleep is the best form of preventative medicine.	576
alternative medicine	medical treatment that is not based on Western methods;		Homeopathy is a popular form of alternative medicine.	577
health farm	a place where people go in order to lose weight;		She decided to spend her holiday on a health farm.	578
healthful	likely to be healthy;		Healthful mountain air will do you good.	579
contagious	able to be transferred from one person to another;		The common cold is highly contagious.	580
psychosomatic	caused by anxiety or worry;		His illness is obviously psychosomatic.	581
to be in agony	to greatly suffer from pain;		The poor guy was in agony.	582
to pass away	to die;		She's been depressed ever since her husband passed away.	583
to pass out	to faint;		He passes out at the sight of blood.	584
to convalesce	to spend time getting well after an illness;		After his accident, he was sent to the country to convalesce.	585
to be the picture of health	to appear to be in superb health;		Even though he smoked, my dad was the picture of health until the day he died.	586
to be on the mend	to be healing;		My dog was on the mend for weeks after getting hit by a car.	587
hush money	bribery/money intended to keep sb quiet.		The police suspected that their chief witness had been given some hush money to keep him from testifying.	1126
gratuitous	Violence, sex, insults, cruelty, etc that is done for no reason and causes unnecessary harm or offence.		The thing I hate most about Rambo films is the gratuitous violence.	1127
clandestine	Secret activity		The activities of MI6 are through necessity clandestine.	1128
to give sb the cane	To administer corporal punishment with a long, thin stick.		The headmaster gave four boys the cane because they hadn't done their homework.	1129
dichotomy	A division in to two parts.		There is something of a dichotomy over what to do with those who commit serious, anti-social criminal offences such as rape, murder and pedophilia - do we execute or rehabilitate?	1130
volatile	Unstable and unpredictable situation		The situation in Afghanistan is fairly volatile.	1131
onus	Responsibility for lessen		The onus for success rests upon the shoulders of the students.	1132
ruthless	without pity or compassion; cruel; merciless,	bezlitosny	The campaign was conducted with ruthless efficiency. Attila the Hun was a ruthless tyrant.	1133
to be/get mugged	to be assaulted or menaced and robbed, esp. in a public place,	pobić kogoś	He never walked the streets after dark for fear he'd get mugged.	1134
to be/get mugged	An old lady was mugged by a gang of youngsters in the park.			1135
a bloodbath	the violent killing of many people at one time; a ruthless slaughter; a massacre,	rzeź	Wounded Knee was a bloodbath; some 200 Sioux were massacred by U.S. troops.	1136
narcoterrorism	violent crime carried out as a by-product of the illicit manufacture, trafficking, or sale of drugs, especially against any individual or instituton attempting to efforce anti-drugs laws,	narkoterroryzm	Mr. Belaunde described the anti-drug team members killed during a raid in Peru as heroes and said their killers were narcoterrorists.	1137
to repress	to prevent discussion, protest, etc. by force; inhibit, quell, supress,	represjonować	All opposition is brutally repressed by the regime. Seasoned mercenaries were hired to repress the rebellion. It is often wrong to repress one's true feelings.	1138
a device	a euphemistic term for a bomb,	bomba	A device pushed through a mail slot wrecked a recruitment center in Halifax.	1139
prejudice	any preconceived opinion or feeling, either favorable or unfavorable,	uprzedzenie	Women still have to face a great deal of prejudice in the workplace. Will you be able to judge without prejudice to the defendant? Her prejudices were many, her reasons few.	1140
angel dust	phencyclidine, also called PCP an anesthetic drug, C17H25N, used as an animal tranquilizer: also widely used in several forms as an illicit hallucinogen,	anielski pył	Angel dust is one of the most dangerous street drugs ever created.	1141
guerrilla or guerilla	a member of an unofficial military group, especially one fighting to remove the government from power, attacking unexpectedly and in small groups,	partyzant	The terrible prospect of large-scale guerrilla warfare convinced the minister of defense that a preemptive strike would be most prudent. The term "guerrilla warfare", from the diminutive of "guerra war", dates back to 180010 and was originally used in re	1142
ageism	discrimination or prejudice against someone on the grounds of age, especially prejudice against middle-aged and elderly people,		All I said is, "We could use some fresh blood," and they accuse me of being an ageist! The government campaign against ageism was stepped up this week with a call for employers to dispense with discrimination against the elderly in job advertisments. How	1143
hijack	to seize an airplane or other vehicle by threat or by force, esp. for ransom or political objectives, or to steal cargo from a truck or other vehicle after forcing it to stop.,	porwanie	The recent hijackings resulted in the closing of airports and cancellation of flights. They hijacked the truck outside the city.	1144
flimsy	Evidence or beliefs which are weak and poorly supported.		The argument that the death penalty isn't really a punishment because we'll all die sooner or later is the flimsiest argument I have heard against capital punishment.	1145
a carjacking	the forcible stealing of a vehicle from a motorist,		When he has stopped at a red light, he is forced out of his vehicle at knife or gun point and the carjacker jumps in and drives off. These days drivers need to be more vigilant; the danger of carjacking is real.	1146
assault	a sudden violent attack; onslaught. Also: to make an assault upon; attack; assail,	napaść	Soldiers made an assault on the enemy lines. I was unprepared for her verbal assault.	1147
racism	a belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, obviously involving the idea that one's own race is superior,	rasizm	Once again, racism is rearing its ugly head in Europe. She refused to perform in any locality that practiced racism.	1148
to have sb/sth in one's sights	To suspect sb of having done sth bad, or observing sth with the intention of attacking or killing it.		America have got Osama bin Laden firmly in their sights as being the man behind the WTC attack.	1149
brute force	Using physical strength rather than thought or intelligence		The American's learnt during the Vietnam War that brute force alone will not necessarily secure victory.	1150
zealotry	Having extremely strong beliefs, particularly religious or political.		The religious zealotry of some Islamic nations is quite disturbing.	1151
spurious	An argument or statement which is not based on fact or reasoning and is likely to be wrong.		He supported his claims with spurious evidence.	1152
proliferation	Something that increases rapidly.		The proliferation of McDonalds and Pizza Hut is a good example of cultural imperialism.	1153
aggrandisement	An increase in power, size or importance.		Some see the current war in Afghanistan as being nothing more than American aggrandizement.	1154
cavalier attitudes	Not caring or thinking about consequences		Some members of society have a rather cavalier attitude towards the law.	1155
remand	to send back or consign again.		The accused was remanded to the custody of the lower court to await further proceedings.	1156
correctional facility	a bleeding-heart-liberal euphemism for 'prison'.		They sent the assassin to the Hannibal House of Corrections for a crash course in rehabilitation.	1157
rock	in the slang of drug users, a pellet or lump of "crack", highly addictive purified cocaine in crystalized form, smoked for its stimulating effects; named after its rock-like consistency,	działka	The rock is put in a pipe and smoked, with far more potent effects than inhaling the powder.	1158
an inmate	a person dwelling with others in a confined place, usu. a prison or mental hospital.		The undercover journalist found the treatment of asylum inmates appalling.	1159
an inmate	Hugo stabbed a guard in order to gain the respect of his fellow inmates.			1160
death row	prison cells for inmates awaiting execution.		He'd been on death row for three years, appeals still pending.	1161
a reprieve	a respite from impending punishment, esp. from execution; a warrant authorizing this.		It was only a temporary reprieve. He would face the hangman sooner or later.	1162
a stay of sth	suspension of a judicial proceeding, a postponement.		The attorney won for his convicted client a stay of sentencing.	1163
a stay of sth	The death row inmate never lost hope that the governor might issue a stay of execution.			1164
to commute sth	to exchange for another or for something else; interchange; to change (e.g. a prison sentence or other penalty) to a less severe form.		Medieval alchemists attempted to commute base metals into gold.	1165
to commute sth	The governor commuted the convict's sentence to life imprisonment.			1166
abuse	wrong, improper, or excessive use; misuse: the abuse of privileges/authority; drug abuse,	nadużycie	We've recently seen a decrease in heroin abuse in all parts of the country.	1167
persecute	to treat sb in a cruel way, esp. because of their race, their politcal or religious beliefs,	prześladować	Throughout history, religious minorities have been persecuted for their beliefs.	1168
line	drug slang, a dose of a powdered drug, esp. cocaine, intended to be taken nasally,	kreska	Every time our team scored, we each did a line of coke through a twenty-dollar bill. She produced a sixinch ivory tube, sank to her knees and greedily did her lines, snorting "angel dust" into each nostril.	1169
to chase the dragon	drug slang, to take heroin (or heroin mixed with another smokable drug) and heat it on a piece of folded tin foil and inhale the fumes,	pogoń za smokiem	They invited us to chase the dragon Hong Kong style, with matches, foil and tube.	1170
segregation	the practise of keeping people of different races, religions or even sexes apart and making them live, work, and study separately,	segregacja	The US Supreme Court ruled in 1954 that racial segregation in schools was unconstitional.	1171
victim	a person who is harmed in any way, or who is injured or killed as the result of a crime, bad luck or an accident. Also used of a deceived or cheated person.	ofiara	One victim of the fraudulent scheme was swindled out of her entire life savings. The fire claimed 43 victims. The families of the victims were devastated.	1172
scot free	free from harm, restraint, punishment, or obligation.		I still can't believe OJ got off scot free! What a miscarriage of justice. They let him off the hook without even a slap on the wrist. He got off scot free.	1173
pernicious	Very harmful or evil in a way that is not immediately obvious		Psychologists are investigating the extent to which certain types of film have a pernicious effect on the viewer.	1174
to retaliate	To do something bad to someone because they have done something bad to you.		Following the shooting in Portadown of three Republicans the IRA have retaliated by killing three Loyalists.	1175
repercussions	The results of an action or event , particularly a bad one, which continue to have an effect for some time.		After putting glue on the headmasters chair the school boys lived in fear of what the repercussions might be.	1176
iffy	Questionable		They had suspicions about his background because of his iffy accent.	1177
ascendancy	A position of power, influence or control.		In Lord of the Flies we can see how Jack slowly gains ascendancy over the rest of the boys.	1178
perpetrator	Someone who does something that is morally or legally wrong.		'We will bring the perpetrators of this terrible crime to justice', said the police officer in charge of the operation.	1179
innocuous	Not offensive, dangerous or harmful.		Most consider religion to be fairly innocuous but Marx believed it be an instrument of oppression.	1180
bellicose	Always wanting to fight or argue aggressive		Analysis of American Foreign Policy could lead one into assuming that successive governments have taken a rather bellicose attitude towards international relations.	1181
to make a clean breast of sth	to confess.		Come on - admit you committed the crime! You'll feel much better if you make a clean breast of things.	1182
to be on the level	to be honest/serious.		No, I'm not joking, I'm on the level - there really is a spaceship just landed in our back garden!	1183
to be in the clear	to be assumed innocent.		There's no need to worry anymore - with Hopkin's confession to the crime we're in the clear.	1184
to get off/go scot free	to escape punishment/be released.		The criminal got off scot free due to a legal technicality.	1185
to keep one's nose clean	to stay within the bounds of the law.		The ex convict declared that from now on he was going to keep his nose clean and stay within the bounds of the law.	1186
to keep to the straight and narrow	ditto (as above).			1187
to be squeaky clean	to be considered completely innocent.		There's no question of whether Jones is guilty or not - he's squeaky clean.	1188
to be above suspicion	to be not even contemplated as possibly being guilty.		Jones is above suspicion, you mean?	1189
to show a clean pair of heels	to run away.		I chased after the mugger but he showed me a clean pair of heels and got away.	1190
to be caught red handed	to be caught in the act of doing sth - usually sth wrong.		Jones was caught red handed - with his hands literally in the till.	1191
on the run	running away, trying to evade justice.		The police stated that the escaped prisoners were now on the run.	1192
scuffle	To have a short fight with someone in a way that isn't very violent.		They had a bit of a scuffle but no-one was hurt.	1193
insurrection	An attempt by a large group of people within a country to take control using force and violence.		In some circles it is believed that America would like some sort of insurrection in Iraq.	1194
to come clean	to confess.			1195
the long arm of the law	phrase emphasizing the power of the law/the police - as being far reaching.		You can't escape the long arm of the law - if you commit a crime, they'll catch you in the end.	1196
to be lightfingered	to be prone to stealing things!		I wouldn't trust Jones if I were you, he's light-fingered and has a habit of stealing things!	1197
to aid and abet sb	to help sb commit a crime.		Hopkins has been accused of aiding and abetting Jones in committing the robbery by saying when the manager was away.	1198
as thick as thieves	secretive, on close personal terms.		You won't get Jones to admit that Hopkins helped him though - they're as thick as thieves, of course.	1199
to turn queen's evidence	to give evidence in court.		You mean, Jones won't turn queen's evidence and say in court that Hopkins helped him?	1200
to point the finger at sb	to indicate that sb is to blame for sth.		Well, that was quite a surprise - when Jones pointed the finger at Hopkins!	1201
to carry the can	to take the whole blame for sth.			1202
to carry the can	I don't know, I suppose it was not such a surprise that Jones decided not to carry the can!			1203
to leave no stone unturned	to investigate thoroughly.		The police have declared that they will leave no stone unturned in their attempt to catch the crooks who robbed the bank.	1204
to tip sb the wink	to give sb/let sb know usually secret/confidential information.		The police knew that sb was going to rob the bank as sb had tipped them the wink.	1205
to case the joint	to observe a property/place before robbing it.		Apparently the thieves had been casing the joint for ages before finally burgling it.	1206
to be in cahoots with sb	to be in (secret) collusion with sb.		Criminals, like spies, are quite often in cahoots with one another.	1207
an open and shut case	a straightforward case, one easily proved in court.			1208
a last ditch attempt	a final attempt.		The criminals made a last ditch attempt to open the safe by blowing it up, but unfortunately they blew up its contents as well!	1209
manslaughter	killing sb but not necessarily deliberately,	nieumyślne zabójstwo	The charge has been reduced to manslaughter.	1210
backlash	A strong reaction against events, normally political or social		The government is facing a backlash over its policy on Europe.	1211
nefarious	Evil or criminal.		The nefarious nature of pedophilia is yet to be fully understood.	1212
aftermath	The period of time after something such as a war, accident, storm, etc when people are still dealing with the results.		It's difficult be objective in the aftermath of such terrible crimes.	1213
copycat	a copycat crime is one that is believed to have been influenced by another, often famous, crime because it is so similar,	powielony	It looks like a copycat murder, although we have to investigate if it was not the same murderer as the last time, Many people commit copycat crimes because they are fascinated by other criminals.	1214
perjury	telling lies in a law court,	krzywoprzysiestwo	Mark lied to the judge to protect his wife and was convicted of perjury. The judge warned the witness not to perjure herself.	1215
accomplice	a person who helps another person to do wrong, usually a criminal,	wspolsprawca	The kidnaper would not be able to do it on his own, he must have had an accomplice. During the investigation the criminal admitted he had an accomplice.	1216
iniquity	absence of moral or spiritual values,	niegodziwość	Terrorism is an act of iniquity.	1217
felony	a serious crime,	ciężkie przestępstwo	Murder is a felony.	1218
lese majesty	undermining one's government,	przestępstwo przeciwko władzom kraju	He was imprisoned for lese majesty. Guy Fawlkes' attempt to blow up parliament was lese majesty.	1219
parole	letting a prisoner go free before the end of his/her term as reward for good behavior, etc.,	zwolnienie warunkowe	He's going to be released on parole soon.	1220
ransom	money paid to kidnappers for the release of a victim,	okup	The kidnappers demanded a ransom of $5,000,000 for the boy's release.	1221
to acquit	formally declare in court that a person is not guilty of a crime,	uniewinnić	The jury acquitted her of murder, and she went home.	1222
pyromaniac	one who gets pleasure in starting fires, one sick with pyromania,	Piroman	The pyromaniac almost burnt the house down.	1223
genocide	deliberate murder of a whole community or race of people,	ludobójstwo	Hitler and Stalin are recent history's most terrible perpetrators of genocide.	1224
perjury	lying in court,	krzywoprzysięstwo	He committed perjury so that his cousin wouldn't have to go to jail.	1225
extort	get money or promises through threats,	wymusić	He extorted $2,000 from local shopkeepers, telling them they'd "pay" if they didn't pay.	1226
impunity	To do something without fear of being punished.		During the 1980s Polish UB officers could behave with impunity.	1227
imputation	an accusation of somebody being guilty of a crime,	zarzut	Being confronted with an imputation embezzlement he decided to resign from the bank.	1228
recant	to negate a statement one has made,	wyprzeć się, wycofać	Some witnesses recanted their statements after being threatened.	1229
reprive	postponement or delay of punishment,	odroczyć	He got a temporary reprieve so the courts could go over his case again.	1230
clemency	mercy,	łaska	Guy Fawlkes was too proud to plead for clemency, so they tore him to pieces.	1231
castigate	to punish or speak to someone severly;	surowo karać	Criminals need to be castigated in order to learn a lesson.	1232
incarcerate	to imprison,	uwięzić	The thief was incarcerated in the county jail	1233
exonerate	to free someone of blame,	oczyscić z oskarżen	His testimony exonerated the company of wrongdoing.	1234
search warrant	official document giving the police the right to search someone's home,	nakaz rewizji	When the police got the search warrant they found the evidence they needed.	1235
complicity	being involved in a crime,	współudzial	He was charged with complicity in the murder.	1236
incriminating	said of evidence illustrating one is guilty of a crime,	obciążający	The bloody glove was solid incriminating evidence that he'd killed her.	1237
capitulate	to surrender, give in.	kapitulacja	The Taleban leader said his forces would never capitulate and would keep fighting to the very last man!	1238
vengeance	punishment one gives sb in return for harm they caused,	zemsta	Vengeance is mine sayeth the Lord.	1239
manslaughter	killing sb but not necessarily deliberately,	nieumyślne zabójstwo	The charge has been reduced to manslaughter.	2022
backlash	a strong reaction against events, normally political or social		The government is facing a backlash over its policy on Europe.	2023
nefarious	evil or criminal.		The nefarious nature of pedophilia is yet to be fully understood.	2024
aftermath	the period of time after something such as a war, accident, storm, etc when people are still dealing with the results.		It's difficult be objective in the aftermath of such terrible crimes.	2025
copycat	a copycat crime is one that is believed to have been influenced by another, often famous, crime because it is so similar,	powielony	It looks like a copycat murder, although we have to investigate if it was not the same murderer as the last time. Many people commit copycat crimes because they are fascinated by other criminals.	2026
perjury	telling lies in a law court,	krzywoprzysiestwo	Mark lied to the judge to protect his wife and was convicted of perjury. The judge warned the witness not to perjure herself.	2027
accomplice	a person who helps another person to do wrong, usually a criminal,	wspolsprawca	The kidnaper would not be able to do it on his own, he must have had an accomplice. During the investigation the criminal admitted he had an accomplice.	2028
iniquity	absence of moral or spiritual values,	niegodziwość	Terrorism is an act of iniquity.	2029
felony	a serious crime,	ciężkie przestępstwo	Murder is a felony.	2030
lese majesty	undermining one's government,	przestępstwo przeciwko władzom kraju	He was imprisoned for lese majesty. Guy Fawlkes' attempt to blow up parliament was lese majesty.	2031
parole	letting a prisoner go free before the end of his/her term as reward for good behavior, etc.,	zwolnienie warunkowe	He's going to be released on parole soon.	2032
ransom	money paid to kidnappers for the release of a victim,	okup	The kidnappers demanded a ransom of $5,000,000 for the boy's release.	2033
to acquit	formally declare in court that a person is not guilty of a crime,	uniewinnić	The jury acquitted her of murder, and she went home.	2034
pyromaniac	one who gets pleasure in starting fires, one sick with pyromania,	piroman	The pyromaniac almost burnt the house down.	2035
genocide	deliberate murder of a whole community or race of people,	ludobójstwo	Hitler and Stalin are recent history's most terrible perpetrators of genocide.	2036
perjury	lying in court,	krzywoprzysięstwo	He committed perjury so that his cousin wouldn't have to go to jail.	2037
extort	get money or promises through threats,	wymusić	He extorted $2,000 from local shopkeepers, telling them they'd "pay" if they didn't pay.	2038
commute	to reduce a punishment in severity,	złagodzić karę	His death sentence was commuted to life in prison.	2039
impunity	to do something without fear of being punished.		During the 1980s Polish UB officers could behave with impunity.	2040
imputation	an accusation of somebody being guilty of a crime,	zarzut	Being confronted with an imputation of embezzlement he decided to resign from the bank.	2041
recant	to negate a statement one has made,	wyprzeć się, wycofać	Some witnesses recanted their statements after being threatened.	2042
reprive	postponement or delay of punishment,	odroczyć	He got a temporary reprieve so the courts could go over his case again.	2043
clemency	mercy,	łaska	Guy Fawlkes was too proud to plead for clemency, so they tore him to pieces.	2044
castigate	to punish or speak to someone severely;	surowo karać	Criminals need to be castigated in order to learn a lesson.	2045
incarcerate	to imprison,	uwięzić	The thief was incarcerated in the county jail.	2046
exonerate	to free someone of blame,	oczyscić z oskarżen	His testimony exonerated the company of wrongdoing.	2047
search warrant	official document giving the police the right to search someone's home,	nakaz rewizji	When the police got the search warrant they found the evidence they needed.	2048
complicity	being involved in a crime,	współudzial	He was charged with complicity in the murder.	2049
incriminating	said of evidence illustrating one is guilty of a crime,	obciążający	The bloody glove was solid incriminating evidence that he'd killed her.	2050
capitulate	to surrender, give in. (kapitulacja)		The Taleban leader said his forces would never capitulate and would keep fighting to the very last man!	2051
vengeance	punishment one gives sb in return for harm they caused,	zemsta	Vengeance is mine sayeth the Lord.	2052
incidence	rate at which something, especially undesirable, happens		There is a high incidence of car theft in this area.	2053
backlash	a strong but usually delayed feeling of opposition towards a belief or practice		The continual rise in violent crime eventually provoked a backlash against the liberal gun control laws.	2054
pin on	to fix (guilt, blame etc.) on		Don't try and pin the blame on me; I didn't do it!	2055
atrocity	an act of great evil, especially cruelty		The Hague tribunal deals with war criminals who have committed appalling atrocities.	2056
fatality	a violent accidental death		It was a bad crash, but there were no fatalities.	2057
inside job	a robbery done by someone connected with the place which has been robbed		The evidence that has been collected so far points to an inside job.	2058
corroborate	to support or strengthen by fresh information or proof		Someone who saw the accident corroborated the driver's statement.	2059
forensic	related to or used in the law and the tracking of criminals		A specialist in forensic medicine was called as a witness in the murder trial.	2060
affidavit	a written statement made after an official promise to tell the truth, for use as proof in a court of law		The witness, who could not appear in court for health reasons, signed an affidavit giving details of their evidence.	2061

Education

Word	Definition	Translation	Example	nr
a creche	the first step in children's education	żłobek	To attend a creche	158
nursery school	education for young children between 3 and 5 years old	przedszkole	To attend nursery school; to go to ~	159
common room	a place where children can wait for parents after their lessons also place where pupils can learn, read, play, do their homework	świetlica	To be in the ~	160
a curriculum	a program prepared for schools, universities etc, setting out the material to be examined	program nauczania	To introduce into the ~	161
technical college	special kind of school where secondary school leavers may attend to gain vocational qualifications, such as brick laying or hair dressing.	szkoła zawodowa	To attend ~	162
a schedule	a synonym for timetable.	rozkład, plan	Full schedule; tight schedule	163
to cram	to study at the last minute	kuć, zakuwać (do egzaminu)	To ~ for an exam	164
an evaluation range	different marks from A to E (1 to 6)	skala ocen		165
a truant	a person who leaves lessons and lectures on purpose	wagarowicz	To play truant	166
a backlog	a gap in your knowledge which you should fill in	zaległości	To make up for one's backlog	167
extra mural studies	studies that you have to pay for ; the classes usually take place outside of normal teaching times, at weekends, during summer holidays etc.	studia zaoczne	To take part in ~	168
a student hostel	a building where students from different towns and cities live during their studies	akademik, internat	To live at ~	169
a private lodging	a room or a flat hired by students	wynajmować prywatne mieszkanie	To rent a ~	170
a grant	a sum of money you get from university to buy textbooks, to pay for private lodging etc.	stypendium	To give a ~ ; - to apply for a ~	171
a rector	the most important person at a university	rektor		172
a dean	a director of a department at university	dziekan		173
a deanery	an area controlled by a dean or the place where a dean lives	dziekanat		174
an assembly hall	big hall in a school, An old assembly hall.			175
a satchel	the bag you carry your school books in, To wear a ~	tornister		176
to prompt	to help another student/pupil during a test	podpowiadać	No prompting, or you'll be expelled from the exam	177
graduation	finishing the university with the degree	ukończenie studiów	To hold a graduation ceremony; university graduation; to graduate in ~	178
parent-teacher association or pta	a group of parents cooperating with school staff	komitet rodzicielski	To be a member of the ~	179
ba/bsc/bed	Bachelor of Arts/Science/Educationfirst degree at university after three years' study	licencjat		180
ma	Master of Arts/MSc - Master of Science/MPhil - Master of Philosophy/MEd - Master of Education - the second degree you get at university after a further 2 years' study.	magister	To get a ~	181
phd	Doctor of Philosophy - the third degree level	doktorat		182
attire	dress/clothing.	strój	You're attire's very smart today - have you got an interview?	588
donned	put on/worn.	być przyodzianym	Having donned his hat, Gerald decided it was time to leave!	589
blatant	obvious.	oczywisty	I'm surprised the contestant got that question wrong - I thought the answer was quite blatant!	590
sound	well founded, healthy.	pewny, rozsądny	Investing for one's future seems like a sound idea to me.	591
equitable	fair, just.	sprawiedliwy	Blaming the poor for their poverty seems hardly equitable to me.	592
chicanery	trickery, deceit.	przebiegłość	I've had enough of your chicanery - why can't you be less deceitful for a change?	593
flourish	prosper, or to brandish sth.	kwitnąć, wymachiwać, wywijać	Plants won't flourish unless you water them!	594
inculcate	impress upon.	wpajać coś komuś	I cannot inculcate upon you enough that you must think about your future!	595
throwback	revert to ancestral character (usu. in passive), compel to rely on.	przejaw czegoś z przeszłości)		596
learned	(adj) astute, wise.	uczony	As neither Gerald nor his wife had red hair, they could only assume that their baby's red hair was a throwback to Gerald's Celtic origins? Only once you have studied law for many years and are truly learned may you become a judge.	597
appraisal	estimation.	oszacowanie, ocena	It's difficult to give an accurate appraisal of the situation following the earthquake, but things do look bad.	598
to abide by	obey, remain faithful to;		One should always abide by the law, no matter how unreasonable it is!	599
precluded by	prevented;		The possibility of the company being sued is precluded by this clause here...	600
to pass with flying colours	to excel, do very well - esp in an exam or test;		After studying very hard, Gerald passed his exams with flying colours!	601
rite of passage	initiation;		Going out for a drink on one's eighteenth birthday is almost considered a rite of passage by some people in Britain!	602
in decline	going downhill, deteriorating!		Many a person's memory may go into decline as they get older.	603
to come a cropper	to succumb to some misfortune, fail;		If you don't study hard for your exams you'll come a cropper - like my grandmother who wasn't concentrating when she was walking on the ice!	604
to be up a gum tree	to be in a difficult position;		With only one parachute between the three of them and the plane about to crash, they were definitely up a gum tree - or at least the other two were, decided Gerald!	605
up the creek without a paddle	to be in a difficult position;			606
to have one's work cut out	to face a situation in which one has a lot of work to do if one is to succeed.		Tony Blair has his work cut out for him if he is going to create peace in the middle east.	607
to be in the soup	to be in trouble;		Gerald's in the soup - he's smashed yet another window while playing football!	608
to be no great shakes at sth	to not be very good at sth;		I'm afraid I'm no great shakes at decorating - I'd only make a mess of things if I tried to help!	609
to go to pot	to go to rack and ruin, to go wrong;		With the defection of our top spy all our plans have gone to pot!	610
to come up to scratch	to meet required standards;		The manager wondered if his new recruit would really come up to scratch - as he seemed very nervous?	611
to be sitting pretty	to be in a comfortable position;		With five games left and only one more point needed to win the league, there was no doubt Portsmouth football club were sitting pretty.	612
apprentice	sb learning a trade who works in return for being taught			613
cadet	sb studying to become an officer in the army or a policeman			614
coach	sb who trains sportsmen for contest or prepares private students for an exam			615
dean	person in charge of a division of study			616
disciple	follower of a religious teacher			617
trainee	a person undergoing some form of vocational training			618
sabbatical leave	a period of time when a university teacher conducts no classes in order to prepare a thesis, e.g. a PhD dissertation.		Is Dr Johnson on sabbatical?	619
quackery	being taught by a person claiming to have appropriate skills, which is not true. As a result, the course does not have the effect it is expected to have.		To me, Mrs X's methods smell of quackery	620
to enlarge/open the mind	to teach;		Only few teachers in my school were really able to open the students' minds.	621
to sharpen the wits	to enlarge erudition;		During the class debates students sharpen their wits.	622
to fill with new ideas	to inspire and teach;		After Prof. Nesbit's lecture I was filled with new ideas.	623
to stuff with knowledge/cram with facts	teach;		Primary schools stuff children with knowledge and cram them with facts, but is this really necessary?	624
industrious, attentive, immersed in study	busy with learning;		Most students in my group are not very industrious people.	625
to cram for	to learn as fast as possible before the exam;		Sue was cramming for her final exam in linguistics.	626
to mug up	to study sth quickly in order to remember basic facts;		When you go to Italy, it is good to mug up on your Italian, as many local people do not speak English.	627
to dip into	to have a brief look at sth, without studying it seriously;		At least go to the library and dip into some books before the exam!	628
to wade through	to cope with a lot of inf. with difficulty;		Wading through thick novels is not my favourite kind of homework!	629
greenhorn	a beginner			630
to confer degree	to give one a degree			631
to pass (a test) with flying colours	to pass it very successfully.		Only if you pass your finals with flying colours can you think of studying abroad.	632
to regurgitate	to repeat facts from memory, without thinking deeply;		Professor Higgings does not like his students just regurgitating material from lectures on the exam.Education	633
to burn the midnight oil	to study or work until late in the night		Have you been burning the midnight oil recently?	634
to flunk	to fail an exam, test, or course;		I flunked math in second grade	635
to get the hang of sth	to learn how to do or use sth;		It's not difficult to use once you get the hang of it.	636
to scrape through sth	to succeed in doing sth with difficulty;		I might scrape through the exam if I am lucky.	637
fraternity/frat	a club for male students at an American university		Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity was founded in 1856.	638
sorority	a club for female students at an American university.		All the sororities on campus have beautiful houses.	639
extramural	organized by a university or college for people who are only parttime students		Kate is an extramural student.	640
dropout	a person who leaves school before he has finished		My father was a high school drop-out	641
to play hooky	to stay away from school without permission;		We were caught and punished for playing hooky.	642
extracurricular	outside academic work;		I participated in many extracurricular activities.	643
to pick on sb	to treat sb unfairly by blaming, criticizing or punishing them;		Sue was picked on by the other girls because of her size.	644
freshman	a first year student at a high school, college or university;		All the freshman had to wait in line to get their schedules.	645
prom	a formal party, usually held at the end of high school;		I'll never forget prom even though it was 20 years ago.	646
teacher's pet	a person that is disliked because he tries to be liked by teachers;		Henry was trying to be the teacher's pet.	647
crib/cheat sheet	written information such as answers to questions, often used dishonestly by students in tests;		Paul was caught using crib sheets in the exam.	648
sabbatical	a period of time during which a teacher can leave his normal teaching duties in order to travel or study;		Professor Litt is on sabbatical at Yale for a year.	649
vocational	describing skills needed for a particular job or profession;		That college offers technical and vocational training.	650
to exempt from	state officially that sb is not bound or afflicted by an obligation, rule, or duty;		Having already graduated from another university, he was exempted from the entrance exams.	651
hazing	making new students do things in order to initiate them into college life		Hazing at American universities has resulted in many serious accidents and even death at times.	652
to cram	to attempt to learn a lot of information in a short amount of time, usually before an exam		I crammed all night for the exam.	653
to edify	To improve someone's mind or character by teaching them something.		Surely one of the benefits of a university education is the edifying effects it has on young people.	1240
gravitas	Seriousness which is respected		Everyone fell silent during Professor BingleySmith's speech which lent a certain gravitas to the event.	1241
modicum	A small amount of something, especially of good quality.		Academically she is not very bright, but at least she has a modicum of common sense.	1242
kerfuffle	Unnecessary noise and activity.		I'm having difficulty concentrating on what the teacher says as there is always a lot of kerfuffle during class.	1243
hotch potch	A number of things mixed up without a sensible order or arrangement.		The most frustrating things for teachers of writing is making sense of the students' hotch potch ideas	1244
gormless	A stupid appearance		He looks so gormless, you'd never guess he was a Professor of mathematics.	1245
vocational training	preparation for a specific job rather than for life in general or simply enjoyment.	szkoła zawodowa	Opting out of a liberal arts college, Joe went instead for vocational training to become a welder.	1246
an applepolisher	toady one who curries favor by being overly helpful and full of praise for sb, esp. a superior, usu. in an insincere way: BACK-SCRATCHER, BROWN-NOSER, BOOT-LICKER, ASS-KISSER, etc.	lizus	The only reason he gets good grades is because he's such a shameless apple polisher. What a bunch of brownnosers! They won't even tell the boss when he's making a big mistake.	1247
cheat sheets	small scraps of paper (loaded with microscopic scribblings of information) which ill-prepared students resort to pass an examination dishonestly, as by having improper access to answers.	ściągawki	Bolek was caught red-handed with a whole sleeve full of crib notes.	1248
apprentice	indentured servant learning a trade in a guild of merchants, craftsmen or artisans one who works in return for being taught and is paid very little if at all.	praktykant	My grandfather learned shoemaking as an apprentice to a master cobbler.	1249
ditto	Used to say that you think the same as someone else		'I really am quite worried about my exams.'	1250
ditto	'Ditto', he replied.			1251
furore	Sudden expression of anger or excitement among a large group of people about something that has happened.		The decision of the government to make students pay for their university education has caused considerable furore in academic circles.	1252
to give sb the creeps	To make someone feel nervous.		Have you noticed the way Professor Blackwell looks at his students? He really gives me the creeps.	1253
snotty	Behaving in a superior manner		There's nothing worse than being stuck in a classroom with 15 snotty school kids.	1254
t.a. (teacher's assistant)	not unlike an APPRENTICE or INTERN, a T. A.'s work is performed in exchange for experience (and, in this case, tuition credit) rather than substantial monetary remuneration.		In order to finance his doctoral work, he put in a few semesters as a teacher's assistant. I don't even think the professors ever look at our essays. They just get their T.A.s to do it all. We'd hoped to have access to Tannen herself, but most lectures	1255
an egghead	an informal (often disparaging) term for a "pointy-headed intellectual": Also: NERD.		Sure, all the eggheads are voting for Stevenson, but how many eggheads are there? Eggheads unite! You have nothing to use but your yolks.	1256
intern	in such skilled, professional careers as medicine, law, etc., a trainee is referred to as an intern, an ASSISTANT or a JUNIOR... (rather than an APPRENTICE, which see) and, hopefully, earns at least a token sum while completing their ON-THE-JOB TRAINING.	praktykant	I was alarmed when it appeared as though an intern would be performing Dad's triple bypass. The interns always get stuck with the dirtiest job. Well, I guess somebody's gotta do it!	1257
skinnydipping	To go swimming naked.		An old and rather odd tradition at Oxford is for Professors to go skinny-dipping in the Cherwell before breakfast.	1258
to jot	to write or mark sth down quickly or briefly (usu. fol. by DOWN).		Hang on a second. Let me jot that date down. I have a terrible memory.	1259
a fraternity	Greeks; a "brotherhood", or service club of male students, usu. living in the same house. The female counterpart is called a SORORITY.		He decided that joining a fraternity would be a foot in the door to postgrad networking. I survived Kappa Delta's killer 10keg sorority bash last weekend, dude. Unreal!	1260
adjunct	subsidiary, supplementary; joined, attached or associated, esp. in an auxiliary or subordinate relationship, usu. of a person working at an institution, e.g. a college, without full or permanent status.		The private Higher School of Coś Tam next door depends largely on adjunct faculty. The Civil War was the first to see railroads used as an adjunct to military operations.	1261
class clown	a disruptive, joke-cracking group member starved for attention.		You'll have to excuse Jorguś's behavior; I'm afraid he's our resident class clown.	1262
cafeteria or dining hall	a place in a school building where meals are provided for staff and students. a canteen, like mess hall, is a rather more military sounding term, more likely to be encountered at a military academy or on a military base.	stołówka	Man, you missed it! There was a food fight in the dining hall yesterday. Flying Twinkies! I usually study in the cafeteria; it's quieter than the library. Yes sir, Sarge. We'll report to the canteen for K.P. duty on the double.	1263
penology	the study of the punishment of crime, esp. prison management.		Get a load of this: my girlfriend is a penologist! I really have to watch my step!	1264
school grounds or a college campus	the total property of a school or college, often including several separate buildings, a "quad" (sth like Park Mickiewicza), sports fields, and parking lots, etc.		The creation of "drug-free zones" introduced stiffer penalties for possession of controlled substances and weapons on or within 500yds. of school grounds. The first two years I lived in the dorm but then I moved off campus.	1265
tattletale	a snitch, an informer; usu. used by kids of one who alerts an authority (parent, teacher, grown-up) to a peer's secret misdeed, cheating, etc.: blabbermouth, squealer, fink, rat, nark.	skarżypyta	Thanks a lot, tattle-tale! You got me into a heap of trouble when you told on me! There goes the snitch now, making a beeline for Principal Wallace's office. Let's get him!	1266
porter	doorman, concierge; a person who guards the main door of a large building.	woźny	It's prudent to charm the Novum porters after all, they do hold the keys to the kingdom.	1267
teacher's pet	the student in a group who infuriatingly wins the admiration and respect of the instructor through conscientiousness, diligence and high test scores, to the chagrin of the rest of the class.		Ugh! Looks like Ewa is going to be the teacher's pet once again this year.	1268
janitor	a custodian, maintenance man, handyman, superintendent, caretaker; (in a church: sexton).		The janitor swept the halls every morning and fired up the furnace before the students arrived.	1269
a swot	Brit. slang (both n. and v.) meaning both to study or work hard, esp. when trying to get good examination results, and a student who studies hard; and seems to have no other interests.	kujon	Marek's such a swot! He'd rather sit at home reading Brumfit than go to the U2 concert.	1270
a swot	The mocking term "swot" dates back to the mid 1800s and is a dialectic variant of "sweat".			1271
crib notes	a concealed copy of a translation, list of correct answers, or other illicit aid (such as condensed lecture notes used by students while reciting, taking exams, or the like. (See CHEAT SHEETS)	ściągawki	Thank God the proctors turned a blind eye! If not for those crib notes I'd be repeating the year!	1272
to skip a class / blow off an exam	to opt not to attend.		We skipped the lecture and went for a beer. Iza was supposed to sit an exam this morning but she just blew it off.	1273
yob or yobbo	Brit. slang for a rude or troublesome young man; a teenage lout or hooligan.	nicpoń, nierób	What a yob! He doesn't even know that one should always remember to thank one's hostess!	1274
yob or yobbo	The term "yob" dates back to the mid 1800s and is a consciously reversed form of "boy".			1275
a grant	money given esp. by the state for a particular purpose (usu. research), such as to a university or to a student during a period of study.	stypenium	I still haven't heard from the foundation whether my grant will be extended or not.	1276
bully	(both n. and v.) a petty tyrant, esp. a schoolboy, who hurts or intentionally frightens weaker boys, often intimidating them into handing over their lunch money in little league protection racket.	ktoś, kto się znęca nad słabszymi	The bully terrorized the smaller boys into doing his bidding. The Taliban has called the US a "world bully". He loved to bully his younger brother.	1277
to be truant / to play hooky	to be absent from school without permission.	wagarować	Her excessive truancy resulted in her being suspended from studies. Shouldn't you be in class right now? You're not playing hooky again, are you?	1278
a grind / a crammer	an informal term for an excessively diligent student. (See SWOT)		My roommate is such a grind! She's always studying like mad.	1279
to crib (from)	to pilfer or steal, esp. to plagiarize, i.e. to copy from some source, be unoriginal.	zwalać od kogoś	His research paper failed since fully half of it was cribbed straight from Sarett and Foster. She was caught trying to crib answers from her neighbor during the exam.	1280
a makeup test	an exam in cosmetics (just kidding!).		Actually, a student who failed to appear for a test but has a documented excuse for the absence is entitled to 'make up' the missed test.	1281
crayon	a stick of colored wax or chalk used by children for writing or drawing, esp. on paper.	kredka świecowa	Mom! Eddie broke my yellow crayon in two! Grandma gave our twoyear-old a new 16-pack of crayons.	1282
a bookworm	an avid reader; sb who also has his/her nose in a book.		Going to curl up with War and Peace? Don't be such a bookworm, come see the film with us.	1283
to cram (for a test or exam)	to study in a rather panicked and superficial, last-minute, 11th-hour sort of way, esp. the night before an exam, or even in the corridor right before entering C-1 to be tested.		If all you do is try to cram for the exam, you might pass but you won't retain a whole lot. They were up all night with their lists, cramming for the vocabulary test.	1284
a resit	(both n. and v.) an examination taken again.	egzamin poprawkowy	Well, Bolek, looks like we'll be seeing you in September at the resit. Students who failed or had low scores were offered an opportunity to retake the test.	1285
attire	dress/clothing.	strój	You're attire's very smart today - have you got an interview	1286
donned	put on/worn.	być przyodzianym	Having donned his hat, Gerald decided it was time to leave!	1287
blatant	obvious.	oczywisty	I'm surprised the contestant got that question wrong - I thought the answer was quite blatant!	1288
sound	well founded, healthy.	pewny, rozsądny	Investing for one's future seems like a sound idea to me.	1289
equitable	fair, just.	sprawiedliwy	Blaming the poor for their poverty seems hardly equitable to me.	1290
chicanery	trickery, deceit.	przebiegłość	I've had enough of your chicanery why can't you be less deceitful for a change?	1291
flourish	prosper, or to brandish sth.	kwitnąć, wymachiwać, wywijać	Plants won't flourish unless you water them!	1292
inculcate	impress upon.	wpajać coś komuś	I cannot inculcate upon you enough that you must think about your future!	1293
throwback	revert to ancestral character (usu. In passive), compel to rely on.	przejaw czegoś z przeszłości	As neither Gerald nor his wife had red hair, they could only assume that their baby's red hair was a throwback to Gerald's Celtic origins?	1294
learned	(adj astute, wise.	uczony	Only once you have studied law for many years and are truly learned may you become a judge.	1295
appraisal	estimation.	oszacowanie, ocena	It's difficult to give an accurate appraisal of the situation following the earthquake, but things do look bad.	1296
to abide by	obey, remain faithful to.		One should always abide by the law, no matter how unreasonable it is!	1297
precluded by	prevented.		The possibility of the company being sued is precluded by this clause here...	1298
to pass with flying colours	to excel, do very well - esp. in an exam or test.		After studying very hard, Gerald passed his exams with flying colors!	1299
rite of passage	initiation.		Going out for a drink on one's eighteenth birthday is almost considered a rite of passage by some people in Britain!	1300
in decline	going downhill, deteriorating!		Many a person's memory may go into decline as they get older.	1301
to come a cropper	to succumb to some misfortune, fail.		If you don't study hard for your exams you'll come a cropper - like my grandmother who wasn't concentrating when she was walking on the ice!	1302
to be up a gum tree	to be in a difficult position.		With only one parachute between the three of them and the plane about to crash, they were definitely up a gum tree - or at least the other two were, decided Gerald!	1303
to have one's work cut out	to face a situation in which one has a lot of work to do if one is to succeed.		Tony Blair has his work cut out for him if he is going to create peace in the middle east.	1304
to be in the soup	to be in trouble.		Gerald's in the soup - he's smashed yet another window while playing football!	1305
to be no great shakes at sth	to not be very good at sth.		I'm afraid I'm no great shakes at decorating - I'd only make a mess of things if I tried to help!	1306
to go to pot	to go to rack and ruin, to go wrong.		With the defection of our top spy all our plans have gone to pot!	1307
to come up to scratch	to meet required standards.		The manager wondered if his new recruit would really come up to scratch - as he seemed very nervous?	1308
to be sitting pretty	to be in a comfortable position.		With five games left and only one more point needed to win the league, there was no doubt Portsmouth football club were sitting pretty.	1309
institutional	formal,	formalny	He had no institutional education.	1310
to muck up	fail, as in an exam,	zawalać	He mucked up his speaking exam, so now he'll have to repeat the year.	1311
expressive ability	how well one expresses his/her thoughts,	umiejętność wysławiania się	I have no expressive abilities. No one knows what I'm talking about.	1312
freshman	first year student in an university,	pierwszak	When I was a freshman I walked in on the wrong class three times.	1313
sophomore	second year student in a university,	drugoklasista	My sophomore year was the most difficult.	1314
to hone	improve, esp. Skills,	rozwijać	Teachers constantly hone their skills and become better teachers.	1315
retentive	said of memory; able to hold facts and remember them,	dobra pamięć	He had great retentive memory, so he passed the exam.	1316
drudgery	hard and uninteresting work,	harówka	Homework is sheer drudgery.	1317
vocational school	schools teaching specific skills for a job,	szkoła zawodowa	My brother graduated from a vocational school in engineering.	1318
curriculum	all the subjects that are taught in a school, college or university,	program nauczania	Computer studies is not on the curriculum at our school.	1319
curriculum	Latin has been introduced into the school curriculum this year.			1320
valedictorian	the student who has received the best marks overall in his or her years in high school, college or university,	najlepszy uczen	Jane has been working really hard for the last four years to be valedictorian.	1321
valedictorian	Valedictorian is a person who gives the farewell speech at commencement.			1322
enroll	officially join a school or course,	zapisac na kurs	You must enroll in your courses before August.	1323
educational	that teaches sth,	edukacyjna	This book is very educational	1324
tutor	a private teacher who teaches one person or a very small group,	korepetytor	She has a tutor who helps her in English.	1325
tutor	I need a few tutorial classes in math because I don't understand anything.			1326
educator	any person who teaches,	pedagog, nauczyciel	Contemporary educators must take several methods into account nowadays.	1327
pedagogue	a teacher who teaches strictly for memorization,	pedagog	An educator must be more than a pedagogue these days.	1328
institutional	formal,	formalny	He had no institutional education.	2097
to muck up	fail, as in an exam,	zawalać	He mucked up his speaking exam, so now he'll have to repeat the year.	2098
expressive ability	how well one expresses his/her thoughts,	umiejętność wysławiania się	I have no expressive abilities. No one knows what I'm talking about.	2099
apprentice	student learning a trade,	praktykant, czeladnik	John was an apprentice electrician.	2100
freshman	first year student in an university,	pierwszak	When I was a freshman I walked in on the wrong class three times.	2101
sophomore	second year student in a university,	drugoklasista	My sophomore year was the most difficult.	2102
to hone	improve, esp. skills,	rozwijać	Teachers constantly hone their skills and become better teachers.	2103
retentive	said of memory; able to hold facts and remember them,	dobra pamięć	He had great retentive memory, so he passed the exam.	2104
to cram	studying for an exam at the last second,	wkuwać	I spent two nights cramming for my history exam.	2105
drudgery	hard and uninteresting work,	harówka	Homework is sheer drudgery.	2106
vocational school	schools teaching specific skills for a job,	szkoła zawodowa	My brother graduated from a vocational school in engineering.	2107
curriculum	all the subjects that are taught in a school, college or university,	program nauczania	Computer studies is not on the curriculum at our school. Latin has been introduced into the school curriculum this year.	2108
valedictorian	the student who has received the best marks overall in his or her years in high school, college or university,	najlepszy uczen	Jane has been working really hard for the last four years to be valedictorian. Valedictorian is a person who gives the farewell speech at commencement.	2109
intern	student or recent graduate getting practical work experience,	stazysta, praktykant	Interns can work 12 hour shifts at hospitals.	2110
enroll	officially join a school or course,	zapisac sie na kurs	You must enroll in your courses before August.	2111
educational	that teaches sth,	edukacyjny	This book is very educational.	2112
tutor	a private teacher who teaches one person or a very small group	korepetytor	She has a tutor who helps her in English. I need a few tutorial classes in math because I don't understand anything.	2113
educator	any person who teaches	pedagog, nauczyciel	Contemporary educators must take several methods into account nowadays.	2114
pedagogue	a teacher who teaches strictly for memorization,	pedagog	An educator must be more than a pedagogue these days.	2115
enrol	to officially arrange to join a school, university or course		She decided to enrol in the history course at the local evening school.	2116
grant	money given especially by the state for a particular purpose, such as to a university or to a student during a period of study		She finds it difficult to live on her grant.	2117
scholarship	a sum of money or other prize given to a student by an official body, especially to pay (partly) for a course of study		She won a scholarship to Oxford.	2118
disciple	a follower of any great teacher, especially religious		Martin Luther King considered himself a disciple of Ghandi.	2119
trainee	a person who is being trained		Pupils don't make the lives of trainee teachers easy.	2120
vocation	a job, especially which one does because of a special fitness or ability to give service to other people		Teaching children ought to be a vocation as well as a way of earning money.	2121
infallible	never making mistakes or doing anything bad:		Many teachers consider themselves to be infallible.	2122
smart aleck	a person who annoys others by claiming to know everything and trying to sound clever		There's always some smart aleck waiting to make a clever remark.	2123
rusty	(of one's knowledge of a subject, language etc.) mostly forgotten		My French is pretty rusty.	2124
knowledgeable	knowing a lot		It's a pleasure to listen to knowledgeable people.	2125
show somebody the ropes	to teach someone how to do a job or deal with a system		This is Shirley's first day, so will you show her the ropes?	2126
pore over	to read or look at something very carefully for a long time		The night before the exam they expected to find him poring over his notes .	2127
studious	spending a lot of time studying and reading		He is a serious and studious young man.	2128
to school	to teach, train or bring under control		It's best to school a dog while it is still young.	2129
schooling	education or attendance at school		He had only five years of schooling.	2130
scholarly	concerned with serious study of a particular subject		He subscribes to several scholarly journals.	2131
bookish	more interested in reading and studying than in other activities		Bill almost never goes to parties - he is a pretty bookish sort of fellow.	2132
spoonfeed	to give too much information and help		Spoon-feeding students does not help them remember things.	2133
out of one's depth	beyond one's ability to understand		I felt completely out of my depth when they started discussing English syntax.	2134
faculty	1. an ability or skill		She has a great faculty for absorbing information.	2135
faculty	2. a group of similar subject departments in a university		The department of physics is in the Faculty of Science.	2136
reunion	a social meeting of people who have not met for a long time, especially people who were at school or university together		We hold an annual reunion of former students of the college.	2137
underachiever	someone who does not do as well as they could, especially at school		Many successful business people were actually underachievers at school.	2138
advocate	to recommend a particular plan or action publicly		The Minister advocates free education for all citizens.	2139
affinity	shared characteristics, or similarities (often in attitudes)		I have an affinity with those who think university is a waste of time.	2140
afterthought	something said or done after something else as an addition. Often without careful consideration.		Almost as an afterthought he added geometry to the curriculum.	2141
bombard	to overwhelm somebody with either questions , information or criticism.		Teachers are often bombarded with questions from their students.	2142
careerist	people who are very ambitious and think their career is the most important thing.		Many people argue that the education system is churning out careerist students.	2143
cogent	that which is strong and convincing. (usually and argument or reason)		There are cogent reasons why the system should be changed.	2144
cognitive	relating to the mental process involved in knowing , learning and understanding things.		As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper.	2145
take cognizance	to acknowledge or take notice of certain facts.		Due cognizance has not been taken regarding the importance of logic as a subject on the curriculum.	2146
coherence	a state or situation in which all the parts or ideas fit together to form an intelligent whole.		The anthology has a great coherence.	2147
demography	the study of the changes in numbers of births, deaths , marriages etc in a community			2148
demonstrable	a fact or quality which can be shown to be true or to exist.		Changes in the system will be permitted only when there is a demonstrable need for them.	2149
denigrate	to insult or unfairly criticize		Books which denigrate minorities should not be included in the college library.	2150
volition	one's human will, or free choice		Students should do homework OF their OWN volition.	2151
vocational educatio	education which focuses on providing students with the skills needed for a particular profession of industry.		The college offers a variety of vocational courses.	2152
scepticism	great doubt as to whether something is true or useful.		There is skepticism about the new reforms.	2153
resistant	to oppose or try to prevent something		Many people are resistant to the idea of regular exercise.	2154
resolute	to be determined or convinced about a particular idea or course of action			2155
reactive	a type of behavior which is in response to a particular situation rather taking the imitative		Our policy should be pro-active rather than reactive.	2156
procrastinate	to keep postponing the things one knows one should do.		Often we procrastinate when faced with difficult tasks.	2157

Environment

Word	Definition	Translation	Example	nr
whaleoil (n)	liquid from whale's livers;	tran	Whale-oil used to be given to children to protect them from illnesses.	183
landfill	a place where waste can be buried	miejsce, gdzie zakopuje się śmieci	Some waste should be recycled rather than kept at landfills. at a landfill, a landfill site	184
carcinogenic	causing cancer	rakotwórczy	Many by-products of the electronics industry are highly carcinogenic and more and more people are dying of cancer.	185
barren	infertile	jałowy	The land was barren and people couldn't grow any plants there. collocation: barren land, soil	186
depletion	serious decrease	uszczuplenie	collocation: depletion OF sth Depletion of the ozone layer is one of the most serious problems of our environment.	187
incinerate	to burn, reduce to ashes	spalać	Instead of being incinerated most waste could be recycled.	188
slash and burn technique	felling trees then burning them	wycinanie i palenie lasów	collocation: slash and burn farming, technique "Slash and burn " farming can cause both deforestation and soil erosion.	189
noxious	harmful, toxic	szkodliwy	All man-made disasters can be noxious for animals and their environment	190
wading birds	longlegged birds that walk through water	ptaki brodzące	Oil slicks are particularly dangerous for wading birds as they can easily get smothered with oil.	191
slaughter	an act of killing large numbers of people/animals in a cruel and violent way; also: to slaughter(v)	zabijanie, rzeź	Elephants are slaughtered for their ivory.	192
twigloo	form of temporary shelter made of branches and used esp. by environmental protesters; derived probably from 'twig' and 'igloo' in 1995 in Britain.		pine twigloo; protesters' twigloo	193
sbs - sick building syndrome	a set of adverse environmental conditions found in a building in which the environment is a health risk to its inhabitants, esp. because of inadequate ventilation or air conditioning			194
sbs - sick building syndrome	set of symptoms (headache, dizziness, general tiredness) experienced by people who live or work in such a building; introduced in 1983)		A person with SBS (NOT SBS syndrome); common presence of SBS in skyscrapers	195
dna profiling / fingerprinting	process of constructing an outline or profile of a person's individual characteristics, here on the basis of gene map.		Expensive DNA profiling; usage of DNA profiling	196
fundie or fundy	a colloquial use: fundamentalist, esp. Religious ~ or as a member of a radical branch of the Green Movement; also called a deep green		Environmental fundie; green fundies' protest	197
ecological footprint	something which has had a permanent damaging effect on the surrounding environment; introduced in nineties			198
wise use movement	environmental policy promoting a controlled use of natural resources; very popular in the USA; first served in positive sense, in the end used to defend commodity production			199
red route	a traffic management scheme, marked by red lines along the edge of the road; designed to ease congestion on main roads in LONDON, introduced in 1991			200
river abuse	maltreating by the environmentally irresponsible; 'abuse' can be applied to any field or element of environment; very fashionable expression			201
environmental resistance	limits set by the environment to the reproduction potential for a certain species when its group is too numerous			202
the gaia hypothesis	rather unusual and controversial hypothesis in recent years, stating that the earth can be treated as a single organism and so capable of self - maintenance			203
to resonate	to echo.		The effects of the September 11th bombing will resonate throughout history - no one will ever feel safe anywhere ever again?	654
resonant	echoing, resounding.		The resonant quality of the attack will last forever.	655
discernible	perceivable, hearable, that can be discerned or made out.		Undoubtedly, Gerald could hear a discernible noise coming from behind the door - somebody was inside his room!	656
indiscernible	opposite to above!		Of course, the noise was indiscernible to Gerald's friend - was deaf - but there was definitely somebody there.	657
to fortify	to make stronger.		What I could do with is a little lemonade that has been fortified with a little whisky!	658
incantation	magical formula, spell.		The wizard uttered his incantation and Gerald turned into a frog!	659
hullabaloo	uproar, clamor.		The hullabaloo coming from the classroom clearly indicated that yet another teacher had lost control of class three - it was so noisy!	660
cadence	movement of sound; fall of voice, esp at end of sentence.		I like Gerald's voice - it has such a nice cadence to it...	661
din	racket, loud noise.		The din coming from the music hall clearly indicated that the new group still had to have several practice sessions!	662
cacophony	discordant sound.		As Gerald entered the pub a cacophony of sound greeted his ears with no single voice predominating.	663
melodious	sweet sounding.		The melodious voice of the birds singing in the trees awoke Gerald from his gentle slumber!	664
euphonious	pleasant sounding.		Most lullabies are deliberately designed to be as euphonious as possible.	665
dulcet (tones)	sweet soothing sound.		The dulcet tones of the female opera singer floated across the concert hall, much to the audience's delight.	666
clamorous	noisy.		The clamorous noise from the football stadium indicated that an exciting match was taking place.	667
tuneful	melodious (see above).		The guitar players singing was most tuneful - pity about his actual guitar playing!	668
raucous	harsh sounding.		The raucous noise coming from the car's engine perhaps suggested that two parts were rubbing against each other...	669
hush money	bribery/money intended to keep sb quiet;		The police suspected that their chief witness had been given some hush money to keep him from testifying.	670
to raise a hue and cry over sth	to make a lot of noise/create a lot of bother about sth (to complain loudly);		The crowd raised a hue and cry until they were given their money back for the cancelled performance!	671
to drop a clanger	to make a faux pas, make a bad mistake;		I hope I didn't drop a clanger when I mentioned that I saw Gerald's girlfriend out with another man last night?	672
as silent as the grave	deadly quiet;		Everywhere it was utterly quiet - it was as silent as the grave.	673
to go with a bang	to go very well;		Well, the party certainly seemed to go with a bang - it went very well!	674
loud enough to waken the dead	very noisy;		It's so noisy in here - almost loud enough to waken the dead!	675
grating on the ear	harsh sounding;		I should say the violin player's tune was rather grating on the ear than very pleasant	676
sounding	I thought someone had trodden on a cat!;		He who pays the piper calls the tune - whoever is paying/providing the money is, or should be considered to be, in charge.	677
abatement	the reduction in degree or intensity of pollution;		The new filters caused a significant ~ of the degree of air pollution.	678
abrasion	A mechanical wearing down of the earth's surface by material that is transported by ice or wind;		~ consists of scratching, rubbing, grinding or wearing away by friction.	679
acclimation	The physiological and behavioural adjustments of an organism to changes in the environment;		When you go to the see, the ~ will take two weeks.	680
acclimatisation	The adaptation over several generations of a species to a marked change in the environment.		The necessity of ~ caused remarkable changes in animal organisms.	681
acute toxicity	any poisonous effect produced by a single short- term exposure, that results in severe biological harm or death.		The catastrophe of a tanker caused ~ that resulted in the death of thousands of sea organisms.	682
adulterants	chemical impurities or substances that by law do not belong in a food, plant, animal, or pesticide formulation;		Concern XXX has been accused of adding numerous ~ to their food.	683
agent	any substance, force, radiation, organism, or influence that affects the body.The effects may be beneficial or injurious;		Radiation is an agent which may be either beneficial or injurious, depending on the conditions.	684
algal blooms	sudden spurts of algal growth, which can affect water quality adversely and indicate potentially hazardous changes in local water chemistry;		After the recent ~ ,researchers have been examining the ecological balance in the Pacific Ocean.	685
biomass	the amount of living matter in a given unit of the environment.		It is important to control not only the changes of the quantity of biomass, but also of its contents.	686
cleanup	actions taken to deal with a release or threat of release of a hazardous substance that could affect humans and/or the environment.		The term "cleanup" is sometimes used interchangeably with the terms remedial action, removal action, response action, or corrective action; Thousands of young people took part in the ~ action at the seashore after the catastrophe of a tanker.	687
clear cut	a forest management technique that involves harvesting all the trees in one area at one time. Under certain soil and slope conditions it can contribute to water pollution;		Ecologists warn that the extensive ~ in hilly areas may result in enlarged water pollution.	688
closedloop recycling	reclaiming or reusing wastewater for non- potable purposes in an enclosed process.		According to the recently established regulations. any factory should plan for ~ of water.	689
coffin	a thick-walled container (usually lead) used for transporting radioactive materials.			690
delayed hazard	A hazard with delayed effect(s). The potential to cause an adverse effect which manifests itself after a long period of time;		Carcinogenicity and teratogenicity are examples of ~.	691
emergency phase	refers to the initial phase of response actions, during which actions are taken in response to a threat of a release or a release in progress.			692
first draw	the water that immediately comes out when a tap is first opened. This water is likely to have the highest level of lead contamination from plumbing materials;		Never pour the ~ of water to the kettle.	693
fossil fuels	combustibles derived from the remains of ancient plants and animals, like coal, oil, and natural gas.			694
greenhouse effect	the warming of our atmosphere caused by buildup of carbon dioxide, which allows light from the Sun's rays to heat the Earth but prevents loss of the heat;		Some scientists argue that the ~ is not caused by our civilisation, but that it is a natural processes of climate alteration.	695
turnover	the mixing of lower and upper layers in a lake in spring and fall caused by temperature and density equalisation;		You should never bath in a lake during the ~ process.	696
teratogenic	substances that are suspected of causing malformations or serious deviations from the normal type, which can't be inherited;		Most adulterants can be ~.	697
strip mining	a process that uses machines to scrape soil or rock away from mineral deposits just under the Earth's surface;		~ causes the most severe damage of the landscape.	698
stripcropping	growing crops in a systemic arrangement of strips or bands which serve as barriers to wind and water erosion;		~ appears an effective method of earth protection in areas with a harsh climate.	699
silviculture	management of forest land for timber;		~ sometimes contributes to water pollution, as in clear-cutting.	700
global warming	an increase in world temperature caused by an increase in carbon dioxide		This conference is about new ways in dealing with global warming.	701
acid rain	rain that contains harmful acid which can damage the environment and is caused by smoke from factories;		Acid rain occurred right after the explosion.	702
to pollute	to make the air, soil and water dangerously dirty and not suitable for people to use;		That old factory has been polluting our river for years.	703
ecofriendly	no harmful to the environment;		I wash my clothes with an eco-friendly detergent	704
ozone layer	a layer of gases which stop harmful radiation from the sun from reaching the earth;		The hole in the ozone layer grows larger every year.	705
clearcut	an area of a forest that has been completely cut down;		The clear cuts really take away from the beauty here.	706
nuclear waste	waste material from nuclear reactors which is radioactive;		What can we do with nuclear waste?	707
overpopulation	a situation when there are too many people in a city or country;		Over population in India is a frightening situation.	708
exhaust fumes	strong smelling gas or smoke that comes from the exhaust pipes of cars;		The exhaust fumes make me sick when I stand at the tram stop.	709
aerosol cans	small metal containers from which a liquid that is bad for the environment can be sprayed;		Every home has some kind of aerosol can in it.	710
recycling	the process of treating things such as paper, metal and glass so that they can be used again;		Recycling can be a lot cheaper than most people think.	711
natural resources	all of the land, minerals, and natural energy that exists on the Earth;		The U.S. is a country rich in natural resources.	712
sewage treatment plant	a place where raw sewage is treated to stop it from being harmful;		Our city council is raising money for building a sewage treatment plant in this area.	713
extinction	a situation in which a particular species of animal no longer exists;		Conservationists saved the blue whale from extinction.	714
battery fishing	a method of fishing that involves using electricity in order to catch fish;		Battery fishing is a punishable offense in this country.	715
green revolution	the new interest in protecting the environment that has developed in many parts of the world;		Global interest in the green revolution is increasing.	716
tropical rain forest	a forest with tall trees that are very close together, growing in an area that rains a lot;		The variety of life found in a tropical rain forest is amazing.	717
human intrusion	human activities and technology tha affect the environment in a bad way;		Human intrusion has led to the destruction of this ecosystem.	718
the food chain	all animals and plants considered as a group in which one type of animal eats another and is eaten by another animal;		Humans are at the top of the food chain.	719
endangered species	any animal or plant that is in danger of being extinct;		Bottlenose dolphins were once endangered species.	720
ecological awareness	knowledge and understanding of ecological issues;		Your lack of ecological awareness shocks me.	721
landfill	the practice of burying waste under the soil, or the waste buried on this way, or a place where this waste is buried;		The city needs to think about a new landfill site.	722
renewable energy	energy that can be replaced by a natural process or good management, so that it is never used up;		The issue of finding renewable energy dominated the meeting.	723
unleaded fuel	fuel that does not contain any lead and is thus less harmful to the environment;		We can breath more freely knowing that our car uses unleaded fuel.	724
sewage treatment plant	a place where sewage is treated to render it harmless.	oczyszczalnia ścieków	The people of the community were up in arms about the proposed sewage treatment plant. The shortage of sewage treatment plants is among Poland's major environmental problems.	1329
catalytic converter	an antipollution device used in motor vehicles to render some pollutants in the exhaust gases harmless, thereby reducing emissions damage to the environment.		This old bus cranks out such noxious fumes because it has no catalytic converter.	1330
wetlands	land that has wet and spongy soil, as a marsh, swamp, or bog.		The developers managed to get around the law by creating new wetlands elsewhere to replace those they sought to destroy.	1331
monsoon	a season of heavy rain that comes in the summer. Also: a type of wind.		I was caught off guard by the monsoon floods but the locals took it all in stride.	1332
carbon dioxide	a colorless, odorless, incombustible gas, CO2, present in the atmosphere and formed during respiration.		Dry ice, carbonated beverages and fire extinguishers all use carbon dioxide.	1333
stench	an offensive smell or foul odor; a terrible stink.		The stench of burnt plastic was unmistakable.	1334
to alleviate	to make sth easier to endure; lessen in intensity; mitigate.		The program was intended to alleviate inner city poverty. This medication should alleviate the soreness.	1335
to deplete	to decrease seriously or exhaust the abundance or supply of sth.		The drought has depleted our supply of water. The panel expressed concern over the continued depletion of the ozone layer.	1336
afforestation	to convert (bare or cultivated land) into forest.		Afforestation efforts have met with no lack of volunteers.	1337
to deforest	to divest or clear of forests or trees.		Local politicians turned a blind eye when the industry deforested thousands of acres of virgin wilderness.	1338
mangrove	a tropical shrub or low tree growing in marshes or tidal shores, noted for interlacing above-ground roots sent down from its branches.		Our guide took us to see a beautiful mangrove forest.	1339
dissolve	to make a solid become liquid; remove or destroy; disappear.		Dissolve the chocolate in the top of a double boiler: melt, render, soften. The final decree dissolved their marriage: end, terminate, finish, conclude. The mysterious rider dissolved into the mists: vanish, fade.	1340
malaise	a condition of general bodily weakness, discomfort or vague unease, often marking the onset of a disease. Also: an unhealthy or disordered condition.		There seems to be no remedy for this global malaise. Mother isn't really sick, but she's had a malaise all winter.	1341
desertification	the processes by which an area becomes a desert, usu. involving drought combined with the overexploitation of existing plant life.		The government revised its land use policy in an effort to halt desertification.	1342
submerged	under the surface of water (esp. the sea) or any other enveloping medium; inundated; hidden, covered, or unknown.		The submarine submerged The raging waters submerged the tiny village. She submerged the clothes in the sudsy water.	1343
fumes	any smokelike or vaporous exhalation, esp. of an odorous or harmful nature.		The fumes from his cigar made dining disagreeable. The smokestack fumed in great black billows. When he hung up the phone, he was really fuming: furious.	1344
to fell sth	to knock, strike, shoot, or cut down; cause to fall: to fell a moose; to fell a tree.		Gilgamesh felled the great cedar forests where now only desert reigns. As a boy, George Washington confessed to having felled his father's cherry tree.	1345
to disseminate	to scatter or spread widely, as if sowing seed; promulgate extensively; broadcast; disperse.		Plato's philosophy has been disseminated throughout the world. Not only despots seek to control the dissemination of accurate information.	1346
contamination	being dirty and dangerous because of chemicals or poison.	skażenie	Contamination of the environment is one of the burning issues.	1347
paddy	a rice field or the rice itself, esp. in the husk, either uncut or gathered.		After half a day in the rice paddies my feet began to itch like hell.	1348
to wallow	to indulge oneself; luxuriate; revel, bask in, relish.		Pigs love to wallow: roll or lie in the mud. Since the inheritance she's been wallowing in luxury. He's been wallowing in selfpity ever since she left him.	1349
pebble	a small, rounded stone, esp. one worn by the action of water.		He tossed pebbles at her window, trying to get her attention without waking the whole house. Djoompeeniman was an ancient board game played using pebbles of various colors.	1350
locusts	short-horned grasshoppers migrating in swarms and stripping the vegetation from large areas.		A locust plague swept over the land and the crops were decimated.	1351
locusts	The locusts cut a swathe of devastation through the farmland, devouring everything in their path.			1352
congenital diseases	that have affected sb. since birth.	wady wrodzone	The inhabitants of the most polluted cities are susceptible to congenital diseases.	1353
frugal	economical in use or expenditure; prudently saving or sparing; not wasteful.		The frugal Scotsman never takes a cab when he can walk. It was a frugal dinner, but very nourishing.	1354
profligate	utterly and shamelessly immoral; recklessly prodigal or extravagant; wasteful.		He's a profligate man, and no decent human being should have anything to do with him. His accountant resigned, admonishing him, "Your profligate ways are depleting your fortune."	1355
bereft	deprived, desolated; without or having lost a particular quality or power.		Once a forest stretching the river's length, the valley now lays completely bereft of trees. Bereft of their senses, the villagers rose up against the defenseless old woman.	1356
suninduced skin cancer	skin cancer caused by unprotected overexposure to sunlight.		The statistics on are alarming. Doctors suggest using sun screen to reduce the risk of suninduced skin cancer.	1357
to resonate	to echo.		The effects of the September 11th bombing will resonate throughout history - no one will ever feel safe anywhere ever again?	1358
resonant	echoing, resounding.		The resonant quality of the attack will last forever.	1359
discernible	perceivable, hearable, that can be discerned or made out.		Undoubtedly, Gerald could hear a discernible noise coming from behind the door - somebody was inside his room!	1360
indiscernible	opposite to above!		Of course, the noise was indiscernible to Gerald's friend - was deaf - but there was definitely somebody there.	1361
to fortify	to make stronger.		What I could do with is a little lemonade that has been fortified with a little whisky!	1362
incantation	magical formula, spell.		The wizard uttered his incantation and Gerald turned into a frog!	1363
hullabaloo	uproar, clamor.		The hullabaloo coming from the classroom clearly indicated that yet another teacher had lost control of class three - it was so noisy!	1364
cadence	movement of sound; fall of voice, esp at end of sentence.		I like Gerald's voice - it has such a nice cadence to it...	1365
din	racket, loud noise.		The din coming from the music hall clearly indicated that the new group still had to have several practice sessions!	1366
cacophony	discordant sound.		As Gerald entered the pub a cacophony of sound greeted his ears - with no single voice predominating.	1367
melodious	sweet sounding.		The melodious voice of the birds singing in the trees awoke Gerald from his gentle slumber!	1368
euphonious	pleasant sounding.		Most lullabies are deliberately designed to be as euphonious as possible.	1369
dulcet (tones)	sweet soothing sound.		The dulcet tones of the female opera singer floated across the concert hall, much to the audience's delight.	1370
clamorous	noisy.		The clamorous noise from the football stadium indicated that an exciting match was taking place.	1371
tuneful	melodious (see above).		The guitar players singing was most tuneful - pity about his actual guitar playing!	1372
raucous	harsh sounding.		The raucous noise coming from the car's engine perhaps suggested that two parts were rubbing against each other...	1373
to raise a hue and cry over sth	to make a lot of noise/create a lot of bother about sth (to complain loudly).		The crowd raised a hue and cry until they were given their money back for the cancelled performance!	1374
to drop a clanger	to make a faux pas, make a bad mistake.		I hope I didn't drop a clangor when I mentioned that I saw Gerald's girlfriend out with another man last night?	1375
as silent as the grave	deadly quiet.		Everywhere it was utterly quiet - it was as silent as the grave.	1376
to go with a bang	to go very well.		Well, the party certainly seemed to go with a bang it went very well! Loud enough to waken the dead very noisy.	1377
it's so noisy in here	almost loud enough to waken the dead!			1378
grating on the ear	harsh sounding.		I should say the violin player's tune was rather grating on the ear than very pleasant sounding - I thought someone had trodden on a cat!	1379
fossil fuels	such as coal or oil that is produced by the very gradual decaying of animals or plants over millions of years.	paliwa kopalne	Environmentalists would like to see fossil fuels replaced by renewable energy sources.	1380
nuclear waste	waste and material from nuclear reactors, which is radioactive.		There are no easy solutions to the problems of nuclear waste disposal.	1381
noxious (gases)	harmful or poisonous.	trujacy,szkodliwy,	A heavy blanket of dust and noxious gases cover the capital for much of the year.	1382
meltdown	a very dangerous situation in which the materiel in a nuclear reactor melts and burns through its container, allowing radioactivity to escape.	topnienie	Reactor meltdown in 1986 released heavy isotopes and contaminated a large area around it.	1383
recycling	the process of treating things such as paper or steel so that they can be used again.	przetwarzanie	Recycling is important to help protect our environment.	1384
depletion	reduction of the amount of the sth.	wyczerpywanie,uszczuplanie	The consequences of the depletion of ozone layer in the atmosphere may be disastrous.	1385
irrigation	supplying land or crops with water.	nawadnianie	Digging irrigation ditches enabled people to plant rice in this area.	1386
extinction	a situation in which a particular kind of animal, plant, etc.	wymarcie, wyginiecie	No longer exists. Conservationists are trying to save the Wale from extinction.	1387
debris	all the pieces that are left after sth. has been destroyed in an accident, explosion, etc.	śmieci	The beach was littered with debris.	1388
decimation	destroying a large part of sth.	zdziesiatkowanie	The population has been decimated by disease.	1389
pesticides	chemical substances used to kill insects and small animals that destroy crops.	środki owadobójcze, pestycydy	The abuse of pesticides is destroying the fertile layer of the soil.	1390
vivisection	experimenting on animals.	eksperymentowanie na zwierzetach	During the ecological campaign environmentalists protested against vivisection.	1391
guinea pig	someone who is used in a scientific test to see how successful or safe a new product, system.	królik doświadczalny		1392
inferior	lower, less good in quality or value.	podrzędny	Regarding animals as inferior creatures seems to justify experimenting on them.	1393
torrential	(rain) very heavy.	ulewny deszcz	Last summer's flood in Poland was brought about by torrential rains.	1394
overflow	(river, lake, container) full of water so that it flows over its edges.	występować-z brzegów	The river has overflowed its banks.	1395
logging	work of cutting down forest trees for timber,	wycinka drzewa	Logging causes deaths of many animals living in forest. The government should forbid logging since there are almost no forests left in our country.	1396
primates	the most highly developed order of mammals,	ssaki naczelne	Human beings, as well as apes, monkeys and lemurs, belong to primates. Human beings should take special care of monkeys since they also belong to primates.	1397
carcass	a body of a dead animal especially one that is to be cut up as meat ,	padlina	I saw vultures picking at a lion's carcass. I would never be able to eat monkey's carcass as some people do.	1398
habitat	natural home of a plant or animal,	środowisko	Africa is not the natural habitat of the polar bear.	1399
poacher	person who illegally hunts animals,	kłusownik	Poachers have almost wiped out the African elephant.	1400
gale	extremely strong wind,	wichura	The tornado caused terrible gales.	1401
crustaceans	shelled animal with a soft body divided into sections,	skorupiaki	Most crustaceans like crabs live in water.	1402
headland	narrow piece of land sticking out of the coast into the sea,	cypel, przylądek	The coast had many headlands overlooking the sea.	1403
conservation	protection of natural wildlife,	ochrona środowiska	We should increase wildlife conservation	1404
deciduous	having leaves that fall off in the autumn,	zrzucające liście	Maple and chestnut are examples of deciduous trees.	1405
sanctuary	protected area set aside for animals,	rezerwat przyrody	Yellowstone is a large wild animal sanctuary.	1406
biodiversity	variety of species,	bioróżnorodność	There is much less biodiversity now than a thousand years ago.	1407
degrade	reduce the worth or destroy,	powodować degredację	The rain forests are being degraded.	1408
hostile	not friendly, having ill will,	wrogi	The desert is a hostile environment.	1409
indigenous	originating in a given area,	rdzenny, lokalny		1410
indigenous	Storks are indigenous to Poland.			1411
bacteriostat	sth retarding the growth of bacteria,	bakteriostat	We need to find a better bacteriostat for salmonella.	1412
dump	area where garbage and waste are put,	wysypisko śmieci	The municipal dump is located outside the city.	1413
acid rain	rain polluted with acids,	kwaśny deszcz	Acid rain is dangerous for plant life.	1414
logging	work of cutting down forest trees for timber,	wycinka drzewa	Logging causes deaths of many animals living in forest. The government should forbid logging since there are almost no forests left in our country.	2158
primates	the most highly developed order of mammals,	ssaki naczelne	Human beings, as well as apes, monkeys and lemurs, belong to primates. Human beings should take special care of monkeys since they also belong to primates.	2159
carcass	a body of a dead animal especially one that is to be cut up as meat ,	padlina	I saw vultures picking at a lion's carcass. I would never be able to eat monkey's carcass as some people do.	2160
habitat	natural home of a plant or animal,	środowisko	Africa is not the natural habitat of the polar bear.	2161
poacher	person who illegally hunts animals,	kłusownik	Poachers have almost wiped out the African elephant.	2162
gale	extremely strong wind,	wichura	The tornado caused terrible gales.	2163
crustaceans	shelled animal with a soft body divided into sections,	skorupiaki	Most crustaceans like crabs live in water.	2164
headland	narrow piece of land sticking out of the coast into the sea,	cypel, przylądek	The coast had many headlands overlooking the sea.	2165
conservation	protection of natural wildlife,	ochrona środowiska	We should increase wildlife conservation	2166
deciduous	having leaves that fall off in the autumn,	zrzucające liście	Maple and chestnut are examples of deciduous trees.	2167
sanctuary	protected area set aside for animals,	rezerwat przyrody	Yellowstone is a large wild animal sanctuary.	2168
biodiversity	variety of species,	bioróżnorodność	There is much less biodiversity now than a thousand years ago.	2169
degrade	reduce the worth or destroy,	powodować degredację	The rain forests are being degraded.	2170
hostile	not friendly, having ill will,	wrogi	The desert is a hostile environment.	2171
indigenous	originating in a given area,	rdzenny, lokalny	Storks are indigenous to Poland.	2172
bacteriostat	sth retarding the growth of bacteria,	bakteriostat	We need to find a better bacteriostat for salmonella.	2173
dump	area where garbage and waste are put,	wysypisko śmieci	The municipal dump is located outside the city.	2174
acid rain	rain polluted with acids,	kwaśny deszcz	Acid rain is dangerous for plant life.	2175
biodegradable	able to be broken down into harmless products by the natural action of bacteria		All our products have biodegradable packaging.	2176
afforestation	planting trees in order to make a forest;			2177
deforestation	cutting or burning down of all the trees in an area		After the extensive deforestation of the industrial revolution, Britain has begun a number of afforestation projects.	2178
contaminate	to make impure or bad by mixing in impure, dirty or poisonous matter		Large areas of land have been contaminated by the leakage from the chemical plant.	2179
pollutant	a substance that pollutes		Pollutants are constantly being released into the atmosphere.	2180
conservationist	a person who works to protect animals, plants etc.;			2181
sanctuary	an area for birds or animals where they are protected and cannot be hunted		The plans to build a motorway next to a wildlife sanctuary were abandoned due to pressure from conservationists.	2182
vegetation	plants in general, especially in one particular area		There was little vegetation on the island.	2183
depletion	a reduction in the amount of something		The depletion of the ozone layer has numerous consequences for the climate of the earth.	2184
undergrowth	bushes, small trees and other plants growing around and under bigger trees;			2185
toadstool	a poisonous or uneatable mushroom		There were many toadstools lurking in the undergrowth, waiting to be picked by unsuspecting children.	2186
habitat	the natural home of a plant or animal		The polar bear's habitat is the icy wastes of the Arctic.	2187
catalytic converter	a piece of equipment fitted to the exhaust of a car that reduces the amount of poisonous gases sent out into the air		By law, every new car has to be fitted with a catalytic converter.	2188
inclement	(of weather) bad, especially cold and stormy		We've had rather a long spell of inclement weather recently.	2189
torrential rain	very heavy rain;			2190
gale	a very strong wind		The forecast for tomorrow is not very encouraging: there will be gales and torrential rain.	2191
black ice	hard slippery ice that does not appear different from the surface of the road it covers		Black ice made the roads extremely slippery and dangerous.	2192
shower	a short period of rain or snow		Scattered showers are expected this afternoon.	2193
drizzle	(a) fine misty rain		A light drizzle had started by the time we left.	2194
overcast	dark with clouds		What a depressing overcast day!	2195
sleet	partly frozen rain:		As it grew colder the rain changed to sleet.	2196
blizzard	a long severe snowstorm		Many small villages were cut off by the blizzard.	2197
crisp	(of weather) cold, dry and fresh		It was a crisp winter day - ideal for skiing.	2198
temperate	(of parts of the world, climate etc.) free from very high or very low temperatures		The temperate zones of the world are found to the north and south of the tropics.	2199
cloudburst	a sudden very heavy fall of rain:		This is the worst cloudburst I have ever seen - all the streets have turned into rivers!	2200
intermittent	which happens occasionally , rather than continuously		The damage to the forests has become intermittent of late , but no less hazardous.	2201
diagnostic	(equipment, methods or systems) -used to source the cause of diseases			2202
ensue	to follow after		After the storm chaos ensued.	2203
erosion	the gradual destruction and removal of rock or soil by the sea or by the weather		Increased land erosion by the sea is often attributed to global warming.	2204
defoliate	to cause the leaves on plants to fall off or be destroyed.		Dioxin was the main ingredient in Agent Orange used to defoliate Vietnam.	2205
exacerbate	to make a problem worse		Over-population exacerbates the problems of many third world nations.	2206

Ethical Issues

pretence	false, an act.	pozory)	I don't think Gerald is such a caring person really - it's all just a pretence!	725
fib	a small lie or (as a verb) the act of doing so.	bujda, kłamstewko)	I wish you'd stop fibbing and tell the truth for a change!	726
fabrication	made up/untrue story, a lie.	wymysł)	The court decided that the defendant's story was a fabrication - and that he was	727
fabrication	lying.			728
equivocating	using ambiguous words to conceal truth.	wyrażać się dwuznacznie)	What happened? Come on, stop equivocating and tell me - I can see by your face that sth has happened.	729
ersatz	substitute, (inferior) imitation.	erzac, surogat)	This coffee isn't very good - it seems rather ersatz?	730
sham	(v) feign, pretend; (n) a pretence.	udawać, pozory)	I think Jane was just shamming a headache so that she could leave early?	731
spurious	not genuine, not what sth purports to be.	fałszywy)	Yes, I think Jane's excuse was a spurious one too.	732
pukka	genuine.	prawdziwy)	No, this coat really is made of leather, honestly! It's pukka.	733
dissembling	concealing or disguising sth, talking or acting hypocritically.	obłuda)	Most politicians I think can be accused of dissembling - it's rare to meet one that is entirely willing to tell the whole truth.	734
bona fide	genuine, sincere.	prawdziwy, rzetelny)	This diamond is not real - the bona fide one is over there.	735
venerable	entitled to veneration or deep respect, worthy.	czcigodny)	I'd now like to introduce to you the venerable lord Atkinson...	736
veracious	disposed to speak the truth.	prawdomówny)	I think Gerald is a veracious person - I've never known him to lie.	737
probity	uprightness, honesty.	prawość)	I trust Joseph completely - his probity just can't be questioned.	738
duplicity	deceitfulness.	obłuda)	I've had enough of your duplicity - why can't you speak the truth for a change?	739
to swallow sth hook, line and sinker	to be utterly duped into believing sth untrue.		The public swallowed the con man's story hook, line and sinker.	740
to be economical with the truth	to not tell the whole truth/to be sparing with the truth.		I don't think Gerald was lying - just being economical with the truth!	741
to lay it on thick with a trowel	to grossly exaggerate sth.		Talk about laying it on thick with a trowel - I've never heard anyone exaggerate so much before!	742
a shaggy dog story	an unlikely tale!		I think Gerald's story about his grandmother living to a hundred and forty is a bit of a shaggy dog story.	743
to be taken in by sb	to be duped into believing sb who is lying or joking.		I must admit I too was taken in by the con man's story - but I won't be fooled so easily again.	744
to cavil	to take exception, carp, find fault.		Gerald is such a perfectionist - he cavils at everything.	745
to dupe sb	to cheat, make a fool of sb.		The con man tried to dupe me into buying sth, but I wasn't going to be cheated.	746
to come clean	to own up, confess (usually to a crime or other misdemeanour).		Okay, I admit it - I broke the vase. Now I've come clean, will you forgive me?	747
to prevaricate	speak or act evasively or misleadingly.		Hey, stop prevaricating and get on with telling the truth.	748
dilemma	a situation offering a choice between two equally undesirable alternatives		I have a real dilemma on my hands.	749
contentious	controversial		This is a highly contentious issue.	750
palliative	being a drug or treatment that reduces the pain of patients but does nothing to cure the disease		Palliative treatment is all modern medicine has to offer terminal cancer patients.	751
to condone	to accept or agree		I don't see how you can condone your husband's bad behavior.	752
pestilential	lethal or dangerous to life		Small pox is very pestilential.	753
penance	an act performed to show sorrow or repentance for sins		You should do penance for your sins!	754
lethal	deadly		Lethal injection is commonly used to execute criminals.	755
the dregs of society	the most despised elements of society		Child molesters are the dregs of society.	756
conscience	the sense of right or wrong regarding thoughts and actions		Didn't your conscience bother you after stealing that coat?	757
capital punishment	the form of punishment for criminals which results in death		Capital punishment is very cruel.	758
to electrocute	to kill with electricity		Criminals in the state of Texas are electrocuted.	759
ethic	a system of (moral) beliefs which control behavior		Nothing beats that American work ethic.	760
callous	being heartless or insensitive		Why do you have such a callous attitude towards poor people?	761
to commit perjury	the act of telling lies while being under oath in a court of law		Not only was he accused to robbery, but also of committing perjury.	762
compassion	pity or sympathy		The only thing I can do is express my compassion.	763
euthanasia	the act of killing someone painlessly in order to relieve his suffering		I cannot support euthanasia.	764
remorse	a feeling of sorrow and regret for something one did		The woman felt little remorse after killing her own children.	765
contravene	to break a rule or law		Try not to contravene these rules.	766
abortionist	a person who performs abortions		Not all abortionists practice illegally.	767
decent	morally acceptable		The decent thing to do is to stay with your wife and children.	768
scruples	beliefs that are held by a person that make him think about whether his actions are morally right or wrong		He has few scruples when it comes to lying in order to make money.	769
merciless	being heartless or unsympathetic		How can you be so merciless?	770
moralist	a person who lives by moral principles		Gandhi was a great moralist.	771
repent	to be sorry for one's actions		Weekly I go to church and repent my sins.	772
anathema	Something that is the complete opposite of what you believe in.		Mark's suggestion that the Beatles were the most overrated group in history was complete anathema to his wife.	1415
to pander	To give someone what they want even when you know its not good for them.		Government should never pander to the wants of society. Parents often pander to the wants of their children buy giving them sweets, etc.	1416
to prevaricate	To try and hide the truth by not answering a question directly.		We could tell the teacher was confused when he began prevaricating over the question of research papers.	1417
to be candid	To be open and honest.		He is always very candid in his comments, which can be rather embarrassing at times.	1418
affront	A remark or action that offends or insults someone		Mr. Darcy's dismissal of Elizabeth Bennett's offer was an affront to her pride.	1419
fallacious	False		To believe that God is the only person or thing which has the right to take and give life is fallacious in the extreme.	1420
ruse	a clever trick used to deceive sb.		It was only upon arriving at his destination that he realized the promise of teaching beautiful models had been a ruse.	1421
belie	To give a false impression of something		Her pretty smile belies the fact that she is deeply depressed.	1422
bereft	To be without.		I find his argument bereft of logic.	1423
audacious	Brave and shocking		His book claiming that Mother Mary wasn't a virgin was audacious in the extreme.	1424
gravity	Seriousness		I don't think people fully appreciate the gravity of the situation	1425
hedonistic	Believing pleasure is the most important thing in life.		In the late 60s there was movement towards a more hedonistic lifestyle.	1426
haughty	An arrogant feeling of superiority.		Have you noticed how haughty museum curators can be?	1427
fogey	Someone who has oldfashioned opinions and doesn't like change.		Despite the fact that I have been with my boyfriend for 5 years, my father still won't let us sleep in the same room together. He is such an old fogey.	1428
pretence	false, an act.	pozory	I don't think Gerald is such a caring person really - it's all just a pretence!	1429
fib	a small lie or (as a verb) the act of doing so.	bujda, kłamstewko	I wish you'd stop fibbing and tell the truth for a change!	1430
fabrication	made up/untrue story, a lie.	wymysł	The court decided that the defendant's story was a fabrication - and that he was lying.	1431
equivocating	using ambiguous words to conceal truth.	wyrażać się dwuznacznie	What happened? Come on, stop equivocating and tell me - I can see by your face that sth has happened.	1432
ersatz	substitute, (inferior) imitation.	surogat	This coffee isn't very good - it seems rather ersatz?	1433
sham	(v) feign, pretend; (n) a pretence.	udawać, pozory	I think Jane was just shamming a headache so that she could leave early?	1434
spurious	not genuine, not what sth purports to be.	fałszywy	Yes, I think Jane's excuse was a spurious one too.	1435
pukka	genuine	prawdziwy	No, this coat really is made of leather, honestly! It's pukka	1436
dissembling	concealing or disguising sth, talking or acting hypocritically.	obłuda	Most politicians I think can be accused of dissembling - it's rare to meet one that is entirely willing to tell the whole truth.	1437
bona fide	enuine, sincere.	prawdziwy, rzetelny	This diamond is not real - the bona fide one is over there.	1438
venerable	entitled to veneration or deep respect, worthy.	czcigodny	I'd now like to introduce to you the venerable lord Atkinson...	1439
veracious	disposed to speak the truth.	prawdomówny	I think Gerald is a veracious person - I've never known him to lie	1440
probity	uprightness, honesty.	prawość	I trust Joseph completely - his probity just can't be questioned	1441
duplicity	deceitfulness.	obłuda	I've had enough of your duplicity - why can't you speak the truth for a change?	1442
denounce	to say publicly that something is wrong; to be very critical of a person in public,	potepiac	Most priests denounce abortion although they cannot have families and children. My grandfather denounces Jews even though he has never known any.	1443
brusque	Using very few words in a way that seems rude but is not intended to be.		The hotel manager was rather brusque with his guests, but then it had been a long day.	1444
fetus	a young human or animal that is still developing in its mother's body,	płód	Some people argue that fetus is not a human being yet. She lay curled up in a fetal position.	1445
testtube	a glass tube, closed at one end, used in chemical experiments,	probowka	The test-tube was broken and acid burned the scientist's hand.	1446
mercy killing	killing somebody suffering from an incurable disease painlessly,	eutanazja	Mercy killing is an euphemism for euthanasia.	1447
saphism	female homosexuality, lesbianism,		The word "saphism" comes from "Saphos," a lesbian writer in ancient Greece.	1448
prostitution	sex for pay,	prostytucja	Prostitution is legal in Holland, as well as many other things.	1449
surrogate mother	woman who gives birth to a baby for someone else,	matka zastępcza	It can be psychologically trying for surrogate mothers when they have to give up the baby.	1450
test tube baby	baby that develops from an egg taken out of the mother's body, fertilized, and then put back into the mother to develop normally.	"dziecko z probówki"		1451
in vitro fertilization	fertilization outside the mother's body,	zaplodnienie in vitro	In vitro fertilization gives hope to infertile couples.	1452
professional ethics	set of moral rules followed in a particular field of work,	etyka zawodowa	His license to practice law was revoked when he broke his professional ethics.	1453
moral authority	influence one gains through what other people perceive to be that person's high moral standards,	autorytet moralny	The pope seems to have quite a lot of moral authority nowadays.	1454
to moralize	to give one's own opinions about what one believes to be right or wrong,	moralizować	My grandmother is constantly moralizing, telling me I live a bad life.	1455
hardcore	showing the act of sex in an explicit way,	twarda, ostra	You can get hardcore pornography anywhere in Berlin.	1456
eugenics	attempting to "improve" humanity through manipulation of genes or the like,	eugenika	Some say that eugenics is a breach of the law of nature.	1457
artificial insemination	introduction of semen into the vagina by other than natural means,	sztuczne zapłodnienie	Instead of getting married she decided to have artificial insemination.	1458
scruple	a moral principle,	skrupuły	He has absolutely no scruples! He tried to sell me a bridge!	1459
permissiveness	greater moral freedom,	pobłażliwość	There is much more sexual permissiveness nowadays.	1460
homophobia	fear or dislike of homosexuals,	lęk przed homoseksualistami	There is a lot more homophobia in the southern states than northern.	1461
condone	accept a certain behavior,	darować, wybaczyć	My mother never condoned my drug use.	1462
bimbo	disparaging and offensive media slang for an attractive but not too bright young woman, esp. one with loose morals.	blondynka, slodka idiotka	Clinton's people first tried to downplay the accusations as having come from mere bimbos. In the strict sense the bimbo exists on the fringes of pornography, and some cynics might say she has the mental capacity of a minor kitchen appliance.	1463
denounce	to say publicly that something is wrong; to be very critical of a person in public,	potepiac	Most priests denounce abortion although they cannot have families and children. My grandfather denounces Jews even though he has never known any.	2207
brusque	using very few words in a way that seems rude but is not intended to be.		The hotel manager was rather brusque with his guests, but then it had been a long day.	2208
fetus	a young human or animal that is still developing in its mother's body,	płód	Some people argue that fetus is not a human being yet. She lay curled up in a fetal position.	2209
testtube	a glass tube, closed at one end, used in chemical experiments,	probowka	The test-tube was broken and acid burned the scientist's hand.	2210
mercy killing	killing somebody suffering from an incurable disease painlessly,	eutanazja	Mercy killing is an euphemism for euthanasia.	2211
saphism	female homosexuality, lesbianism,		The word "saphism" comes from "Saphos," a lesbian writer in ancient Greece.	2212
prostitution	sex for pay,	prostytucja	Prostitution is legal in Holland, as well as many other things.	2213
surrogate mother	woman who gives birth to a baby for someone else,	matka zastępcza	It can be psychologically trying for surrogate mothers when they have to give up the baby.	2214
test tube baby	baby that develops from an egg taken out of the mother's body, fertilized, and then put back into the mother to develop normally.	"dziecko z probówki"		2215
in vitro fertilization	fertilization outside the mother's body,	zaplodnienie in vitro	In vitro fertilization gives hope to infertile couples.	2216
professional ethics	set of moral rules followed in a particular field of work,	etyka zawodowa	His license to practice law was revoked when he broke his professional ethics.	2217
moral authority	influence one gains through what other people perceive to be that person's high moral standards,	autorytet moralny	The pope seems to have quite a lot of moral authority nowadays.	2218
to moralize	to give one's own opinions about what one believes to be right or wrong,	moralizować	My grandmother is constantly moralizing, telling me I live a bad life.	2219
hardcore	showing the act of sex in an explicit way,	twarda, ostra	You can get hardcore pornography anywhere in Berlin.	2220
eugenics	attempting to "improve" humanity through manipulation of genes or the like,	eugenika	Some say that eugenics is a breach of the law of nature.	2221
artificial insemination	introduction of semen into the vagina by other than natural means,	sztuczne zapłodnienie	Instead of getting married she decided to have artificial insemination.	2222
scruple	a moral principle,	skrupuły	He has absolutely no scruples! He tried to sell me a bridge!	2223
permissiveness	greater moral freedom,	pobłażliwość	There is much more sexual permissiveness nowadays.	2224
homophobia	fear or dislike of homosexuals,	lęk przed homoseksualistami	There is a lot more homophobia in the southern states than northern.	2225
condone	accept a certain behavior,	darować, wybaczyć	My mother never condoned my drug use.	2226
bimbo	disparaging and offensive media slang for an attractive but not too bright young woman, esp. one with loose morals.	blondynka, slodka idiotka	Clinton's people first tried to downplay the accusations as having come from mere bimbos. In the strict sense the bimbo exists on the fringes of pornography, and some cynics might say she has the mental capacity of a minor kitchen appliance.	2227
nefarious	very wicked, evil		That was a really nefarious deed.	2228
sleaze	immoral behaviour, esp. involving sex or dishonesty		The conservative party has lost the last two elections because of the public perception that it is riddled with sleaze.	2229
turpitude	depravity, shameful wickedness		The Marquis de Sade would be most people's definition of gross moral turpitude.	2230
paragon	a person or thing that is or seems to be a perfect model to copy		He behaves as if he were a paragon of virtue, but I could tell you a thing or two about him.	2231
transgress	to do wrong; offend against a moral principle		She knew she had transgressed and was ready to atone.	2232
conundrum	a difficult or puzzling problem		The origin of the universe may be explicable, but the bigger question as to why there is something rather that nothing is an unanswerable conundrum.	2233
finicky	needing delicate attention to detail		Notice the tiny, finicky engraving on this watch-case.	2234
base	showing a complete lack of moral principles; dishonourable		He must have had some base motive in revealing to her what Martha had said.	2235
unsavoury	unpleasant, esp. in being morally unacceptable		Her ex-husband is a totally unsavoury character.	2236
shady	probably dishonest;			2237
integrity	strength and firmness of character or principle		He refused to compromise his integrity by taking part in this shady business deal.	2238
salve	to make esp. uncomfortable feelings less painful;			2239
qualm	an uncomfortable feeling of uncertainty, especially as to whether something is right		To salve his qualms about cheating the tax inspector he gave a substantial sum of money to charity.	2240
sanctity	holiness, sacredness		People should respect the sanctity of life.	2241
prudish	easily shocked by improper or rude things, especially of a sexual nature		She is so prudish that she leaves the room whenever somebody as much as hints at sex.	2242
squeamish	easily shocked, upset or made to feel sick by unpleasant things		It's a violent film, so don't go if you are squeamish.	2243
permissive	allowing behavior, especially sexual, that many other people disapprove of		Today's permissive society is usually considered to have begun in the 1960s.	2244
compassion	a strong feeling of sympathy for someone who is suffering , and a desire to help them		Religion teaches us to have compassion for the poor and sick.	2245
terminate	to come or bring to an end		She has decided to terminate this pregnancy.	2246
solace	a feeling of emotional comfort at a time of great sadness or disappointment		After the death of her son, Val found solace in the church.	2247
vile	shameful and evil		He was accused of crimes too vile to detail in open court.	2248
taint	a slight touch of decay, infection, or bad or immoral influence		Can we be sure that they are free from any taint of disloyalty?	2249
brazen	without shame; immodest		That's the last time I let that brazen hussy near my husband!	2250
sacrosanct	too holy or important to be allowed to suffer any harm or disrespect		I never take any work home at the weekends - they are sacrosanct.	2251
rectitude	honesty of character; moral correctness		His life has been one of unwavering rectitude.	2252
subvert	to destroy something's power or influence			2253
substantive	that which involves real and important issues or aims		The delegates said they are prepared to discuss the substantive issues tomorrow.	2254
an absolute	(Moral) A rule or principle or truth that is held to be right in all situations , at all times.		Many people doubt there are any such thing as moral absolutes .	2255
aetiology	the study of first causes			2256
affirmitive action	action taken to ensure that members of disadvantaged groups (e.g. racial minorities) get an appropriate share of opportunities available		A growing number of whites are challenging affirmative action policies.	2257
positive discrimination	British term meaning same as "affirmative action"			2258
ethics	moral beliefs and rules about right and wrong.		Our members are bound by a rigid code of ethics which includes confidentiality.	2259
civil liberties	rights to individual autonomy		His commitment to civil liberties and human rights has never been stronger.	2260
corporal punishment	the punishment of people by beating them.		Corporal punishment is both illegal and morally wrong.	2261
diametrically opposed	when two things or view points are completely different to one another.		Liberals and Communitarians tend to be diametrically opposed on the question of the role of the State in our lives.	2262
didactic	that which is intended to teach people something , usually a moral lesson.		In totalitarian states art usually exists for didactic purposes.	2263
gratuitous	(ADJ) STH which is unnecessary , and often harmful and upsetting.		The film was full of gratuitous violence and sex.	2264
moral fibre	the quality of being determined to do what is right.		TV is often cited as having a detrimental effect on peoples moral fiber.	2265
moralistic	(ADJ) Somebody who makes harsh judgments of other people on the basis of their own ideas and beliefs about what is right and wrong.		To me moralistic films are usually unbearable.	2266
to moralize	to tell others their views are either right or wrong.		As a dramatist he was prone to moralizing.	2267
pervasive	Something , usually an attitude or belief or practice which is widespread. (Usually has a negative connotation)		The pervasive influence of the Church in our lives cannot be a good thing.	2268
vivisection	the practice of using live animals for scientific experiments		She was a fierce opponent of vivisection.	2269
xenophobia	the irrational dislike or fear of people from other countries		Xenophobic nationalism is on the rise in much of Europe.	2270

Health

pot belly	A large round stomach that sticks out.		As men get older they tend to develop a pot belly.	1464
to get a cramp	experience sudden and extreme pain caused by a muscle involuntarily contracting,	skurcz	Upon jumping into the pond after the long hike, Ted immediately got a cramp in his left calf. She started getting stomach cramps this morning.	1465
ointment	a thick (usu. greasy) medicinal substance put on sore skin or a wound to help it heal,	maść	His legs were bathed and ointment and new bandages were put on to bring a measure of relief.	1466
laxative	something, which you eat or drink, that stops you from being constipated,	srodek przeczyszczajacy	Foods that ferment quickly in the stomach are excellent natural laxatives.	1467
arthritis	a medical condition in which the joints in someone's body are swollen and painful	zapalenie stawow	I have a touch of arthritis in the wrist. My mother suffers from spinal arthritis.	1468
protruding (e.g. TUMMY)	if something protrudes from somewhere, it sticks out ,	odstajacy brzuch	Andy was self-conscious about his protruding ears,	1469
tipsy	slightly drunk; having "caught a buzz",		I've only had half a glass of wine but I'm beginning to feel a wee bit tipsy.	1470
iron constitution	to be healthy, fit and strong,	żelazne zdrowie	To do this kind of physical work, one must be of iron constitution. My grandpa has got an iron constitution.	1471
detrimental	(TO) harmful, damaging,	szkodliwy	Smoking is detrimental to one's health.	1472
inebriated	intoxiated, drunk,	pijany	They were totally inebriated by the end of the party.	1473
deterioration / deteriorate	- if something deteriorates, it becomes worse in some way.		Grant's health is steadily deteriorating,	1474
sprain	if you sprain a joint such as your ankle or wrist, you accidentally damage it by twisting it or bending it violently.	zwichnięcie	He fell and sprained his ankle. A badly sprained ankle; His wrist was sprained.	1475
fracture	if something such as bone is fractured or fractures, it gets a slight crack or crack in it.	złamanie	You've fractured a rib, maybe more than one. He suffered a fracture of a skull.	1476
hemorrhage	serious bleeding from broken blood vessels inside a person's body.	wylew, krwotok	Shortly after his admission into hospital he had a massive brain hemorrhage and died.	1477
stamina	physical or mental energy needed to do a tiring activity for a long time.		You have to have a lot of stamina to be a top-class dancer.	1478
ligament	a ligament is a band of strong tissue in a person's body, which connects bones.	wiązadło	He suffered torn ligaments in his knee.	1479
on the wagon	deliberately abstaining from drinking alcohol for an extended period.		I'll just have some orange juice, please. The doctor put me on the wagon again.	1480
recuperate	get well again after an illness,	wrócić do zdrowia	He went to the mountains to recuperate his health.	1481
emaciated	extremly thin, esp. from hunger or illness ,	wychudzony	Children in impoverished countries are often malnourished and, as a result, extremely emaciated.	1482
infirmity	weakness of body or mind,	niedołęstwo, zniedołężnienie	My aunt is suffering from age and infirmity.	1483
to guzzle	if you guzzle something, you (usu.) drink it quickly and greedily,		Melissa had chain-smoked all evening and guzzled gin and tonics like they were lemonade.	1484
pole vault	a sports event in which athletes jump over a high bar, using a long flexible pole to help lift themselves up.		Pole-vaulting is among his favorite Olympic disciplines.	1485
hurdle	(1) an artificial barrier one leaps over in a race,		David runs the 400m. hurdles on the track and field team.	1486
hurdle	(2) any obstacle in one's way; a challenge; a disadvantage to be faced and conquered.		Confined to a wheelchair after the accident, Sid had his share of hurdles to overcome.	1487
senility	an illness that affects some old people, causing them to become confused and forget things,	zniedołężniały, starczy	Just humor her. She's a bit senile sometimes,	1488
coronary	belonging or relating to the heart.	wieńcowe	If all the coronary arteries are free of significant obstructions, all parts of the heart will receive an equal amount of oxygen.	1489
abstemious	allowing oneself only a little food, drink, pleasure,	wsrzemięźliwy	My goodness! It's so unlike you to be so abstemious when the drinks are on the house!	1490
to lumber	to amble from one place to another; moving very slowly and clumsily.		He shrugged, then turned and lumbered back to his seat. The 18wheeler lumbered up the mountainside.	1491
heartburn	burning sensation, either in the back of the throat or in the left side of the chest caused by acid indigestion.	zgaga	After eating that fatty meat yesterday I felt a terrible heartburn.	1492
overindulgence	overdoing it with food and/or drink,	stan przejedzenia	My husband is suffering from last night's overindulgence.	1493
hooked	addicted.		It didn't take long before he found himself hooked on cocaine and alcohol.	1494
tibia	the front bone in the leg below the knee,	piszczel	During the football game one of the players kicked Tom and broke his tibia. Tibia is the inner and larger of two bones from the knee to the ankle.	1495
tendon	a thick strong cord that connects a muscle to a bone,	sciegno	She has a leg in a cast because she strained her tendon playing tennis. Tendons are very important parts of human bodythey enable us to move our limbs.	1496
anemia	an unhealthy condition in which there are too few red cells in the blood,	anemia	She looks pale and is so weak, maybe she has anemia. I look anemic, I have to go to the doctor and do a blood test.	1497
upbeat	state of being happy,	w dobrym nastroju	He was upbeat after his great performance in the play.	1498
fast	abstain from eating,	pościć	He is fasting for religious reasons.	1499
wellgroomed	about a person's appearance well cared for, clean,	zadbany	After her trip to the beauty salon she look much more well groomed.	1500
recuperate	to get well after an illness or injury,	wracać do zdrowia	He's recuperating from his car accident in the hospital.	1501
bout of a disease	a period of illness,	atak choroby	I'm getting over a bout of the flu.	1502
bulimic	a person suffering form bulimia, an eating disorder involving selfinduced vomiting,	bulimik	The risk of suicide among bulimics is high.	1503
bacillus	rod shaped bacterium,	bakcyl	When anthrax bacilli enter the body they start to breed.	1504
serum	injected liquid that fights infection or disease,	surowica	They administered a serum into me to fight the poison from the snake that bit me.	1505
lesion	a wound,	rana	He sustained several lesions across his face from the car accident.	1506
appendix	small bag of tissue attached to the large intestine,	wyrostek robaczkowy	His appendix ruptured, and had to have an operation	1507
diabetes	illness in which sugar is not properly absorbed in the body,	cukrzyca	Because of his diabetes he could not eat or drink anything with sugar.	1508
condition	the state of any illness,	dolegliwość	Asthma can be a frightening condition.	1509
sling	piece of cloth strapped around neck and shoulder to support a broken arm,	temblak	His arm will be in a sling until it heals	1510
nutrient	substance absorbed by the body to help it grow and heal,	składnik pokarmowy	Older people need as many nutrients as young people	1511
relapse	a return to a state of illness after one had been getting well,	nawrót	We thought she was through with the worst of the illness, but yesterday she had a relapse.	1512
sedentary	said of a life style; not moving enough,	siedzący np. tryb życia	Secretaries have very sedentary jobs.	1513
prosthetic	artificial as in an appendage of the body	proteza	He has a prosthetic leg from the war.	1514
to get a cramp	experience sudden and extreme pain caused by a muscle involuntarily contracting,		Upon jumping into the pond after the long hike, Ted immediately got a cramp in his left calf. She started getting stomach cramps this morning.	1515
a workout	a period of usually strenuous exercise in a gymnasium.		The occasional work out in a gymnasium is good for your health.	1516
tibia	the front bone in the leg below the knee,	piszczel	During the football game one of the players kicked Tom and broke his tibia. Tibia is the inner and larger of two bones from the knee to the ankle.	2271
tendon	a thick strong cord that connects a muscle to a bone,	sciegno	She has a leg in a cast because she strained her tendon playing tennis. Tendons are very important parts of human bodythey enable us to move our limbs.	2272
anemia	an unhealthy condition in which there are too few red cells in the blood,	anemia	She looks pale and is so weak, maybe she has anemia. I look anemic, I have to go to the doctor and do a blood test.	2273
upbeat	state of being happy,	w dobrym nastroju	He was upbeat after his great performance in the play.	2274
fast	abstain from eating,	pościć	He is fasting for religious reasons.	2275
wellgroomed	about a person's appearance well cared for, clean,	zadbany	After her trip to the beauty salon she look much more well groomed.	2276
recuperate	to get well after an illness or injury,	wracać do zdrowia	He's recuperating from his car accident in the hospital.	2277
bout of a disease	a period of illness,	atak choroby	I'm getting over a bout of the flu.	2278
bulimic	a person suffering form bulimia, an eating disorder involving selfinduced vomiting,	bulimik	The risk of suicide among bulimics is high.	2279
bacillus	rod shaped bacterium,	bakcyl	When anthrax bacilli enter the body they start to breed.	2280
serum	injected liquid that fights infection or disease,	surowica	They administered a serum into me to fight the poison from the snake that bit me.	2281
lesion	a wound,	rana	He sustained several lesions across his face from the care accident.	2282
appendix	small bag of tissue attached to the large intestine,	wyrostek robaczkowy	His appendix ruptured, and he had to have an operation	2283
diabetes	illness in which sugar is not properly absorbed in the body,	cukrzyca	Because of his diabetes he could not eat or drink anything with sugar.	2284
condition	the state of any illness,	dolegliwość	Asthma can be a frightening condition.	2285
sling	piece of cloth strapped around neck and shoulder to support a broken arm,	temblak	His arm will be in a sling until it heals.	2286
nutrient	substance absorbed by the body to help it grow and heal,	składnik pokarmowy	Older people need as many nutrients as young people.	2287
relapse	a return to a state of illness after one had been getting well,	nawrót	We thought she was through with the worst of the illness, but yesterday she had a relapse.	2288
sedentary	said of a life style; not moving enough,	siedzący np. tryb życia	Secretaries have very sedentary jobs.	2289
prosthetic	artificial as in an appendage of the body	proteza	He has a prosthetic leg from the war.	2290
morsel	a very small piece of food		You can't expect him to work so hard if he hasn't had a morsel to eat today.	2291
hearty	substantial		What he needs is a hearty meal.	2292
forcefeed	to feed by forcing food down the throat		One of the prisoners refused to eat, so he had to be force-fed.	2293
gorge	to fill oneself completely with food		Gorging yourself on cream cakes is certainly not a good way to put on weight.	2294
robust	having or showing good health or strength		Ian is a very robust child who never gets ill.	2295
sickly	often ill; weak and unhealthy		Peter, on the contrary, is a very sickly child.	2296
frail	weak in body or health		She is now over eighty, and becoming too frail to live alone.	2297
vertigo	a feeling of giddiness usually caused by looking down from a great height		I can't climb ladders because I suffer from vertigo.	2298
undernourished	having eaten too little food and suffering lack of growth and development	niedożywiony	This child is seriously undernourished.	2299
recuperate	to get well again after illness or difficulty		After a long illness he went to the mountains to recuperate.	2300
senile	showing the weakness of body or especially of mind connected with old age		The poor old lady is getting senile; she keeps hiding things and then says we've stolen them.	2301
pine	to become thin, less active and lose strength and health slowly through disease or especially grief		He pined away after his wife died.	2302
posthumous	coming after one's death		The medal was awarded posthumously.	2303
out of sorts	feeling unwell		It's nothing serious, I'm just a little out of sorts today.	2304
offcolour	not well		She's been feeling a little off colour for the last day or two.	2305
carcinogenic	causing cancer	rakotwórczy	Cigarettes contain hundreds of carcinogenic substances.	2306
palliative	something used to alleviate pain, anxiety, etc., without curing it	paliatywny	Living is an illness to which sleep provides relief every sixteen hours. It's a palliative. The remedy is death.	2307
gestation period	the period during which a child or a young animal is inside the mother's body before birth		The gestation period of hamsters is only 16 days.	2308
intravenous	(done) into or by way of a vein	dożylny	The drug was administered by intravenous injection.	2309
drip	(an apparatus for) liquid put slowly into a blood vessel		The patient was put on a drip after her operation.	2310
stamina	the strength of body or mind to fight tiredness, discouragement or illness		We were impressed by the great stamina she showed during her illness.	2311
like death warmed up	very ill or tired		Ever since I caught this cold I've been feeling like death warmed up.	2312
ailment	an illness, especially one that is not serious		She's always complaining of some ailment or other.	2313
inoperable	(of a diseased condition or growth) that cannot be treated or removed by an operation	nieoperacyjny	I'm afraid her condition is inoperable.	2314
insanity	madness		The defence entered a plea of insanity.	2315
to espouse	to advocate and support a particular policy.			2316
expedient	that which is convenient or self-serving, but which may not be morally right		Governments talk about healthcare when it is politically expedient, especially before elections.	2317
expendable	Sth which can be got rid of because it is unnecessary or superfluous.		During the recession many services were cut because they were seen as expendable.	2318
ageism	behavior resulting from the belief that older people are less valuable than younger people.		Ageism is no different than racism an should never be tolerated	2319
ageing	getting older , and often less health and efficient			2320
catalyst	somebody or sth that causes change or an event to happen		New technology is main catalyst for change in the field of medicine.	2321
causal connection or relationship	wherein one thing causes another to happen		Few people would argue that there is no causal connection between smoking and the incidence of cancer.	2322
to the detriment of	with the effect of harming		If you smoke it will be to the detriment of your health.	2323
dichotomy	a great difference or opposition between two things		There is a dichotomy between patients rights and doctors duties.	2324
at the dicsretion of	The freedom and authority to decide in a given situation		Treatment is at the discretion of doctors.	2325
hereditary	features or illnesses which are passed on from one generation to the next	dziedziczny	Cystic fibrosis is a fatal hereditary disease. the ability to understand and realize something about an event after it has happened, which was not possible at the time. With the benefit of hindsight, I know appreciate the importance of a healthy diet	2326
integral	sth which is essential or necessary		A balanced diet is integral to sound health.	2327
instrumental in	helping to make sth. happen		He was instrumental in the discovery of the new drug.	2328
in jeopardy	in danger		Government cutbacks have put the whole project in jeopardy	2329
means	the method , instrument or process used to do something		We have not the means to prolong life indefinitely.	2330
take measures	to take action to achieve a certain result.		The government is taking measures to ensure that young people know the risks of smoking.	2331
misapprehension	a wrong idea or impression		Many people are under the misapprehension that vitamins are a substitute for a healthy diet.	2332
misconduct	bad or unacceptable behavior, especially by a professional person.		Doctor Smith was cleared of professional misconduct.	2333

Mass Media

inexhaustible	that will always continue; never finished		She seems to have inexhaustible energy.	204
to stumble across	to find sth/sb unexpectedly or by chance		Police investigating tax fraud stumbled across a drugs ring.	205
adresistant	resistant to advertisements			206
wishful thinking	a belief based on wishes and not facts		There's no evidence to suggest that this forecast is anything but wishful thinking.	207
hoarding	large board used for displaying advertisements			208
ubiquitous	adj, seeming to be everywhere at the same time			209
blatant	adj, done openly , without shame, very obvious, flagrant		the sheer blatancy of the crime	210
to imply	to suggest sth indirectly rather than stating it directly implied criticism		His silence implied agreement.	211
to evoke	to bring an image , a feeling , a memory, etc. into one's mind to evoke surprise, sympathy		The music evoked memories of her youth.	212
for the sake of doing sth	in order to get or keep sth		She plays basketball for the sake of being fit.	213
to carry out	to conduct an experiment		The tests have been carried out on the patient.	214
in the nude	wearing no clothes		swimming in the nude	215
apprehensive	( about/ of sth) anxious about sth in the future.		I feel apprehensive about the results of the exams.	216
celebrity	a famous person		celebrities of stage and screen	217
circulation	the usual number of copies of a newspaper or a magazine that are sold each day, week, etc.		Copies of the magazine were withdrawn from circulation. The News Of The World has the largest circulation.	218
mouthpiece	a person, newspaper, etc. that informs the public about the opinions of a group of people or political organization.		The newspaper has become the official mouthpiece of the opposition party. The Morning Star is the official mouthpiece of the Communist Party.	219
dispute	discussion about a subject where there is a disagreement.		The union is in dispute with management over working hours.	220
trade union	organization of workers, usually in a particular industry, that exists to protect their interest, improve conditions of work.			221
tycoon	person who is successful in business or industry and has become rich and powerful.		Rupert Murdoch was an newspaper tycoon.	222
escapism	an activity, a form of entertainment, etc. that helps you avoid or forget unpleasant or boring things.		For John books are a form of escapism	223
provincial	connected with parts of a country that do not include the capital city		The Scotsman and Glasgow Herald are the most famous Scottish provincial newspapers.	224
headline	the title of a newspaper article printed in large letters, especially at the top of the front page.		The scandal was in the headlines for several days.	225
libel	the act of printing a statement about somebody that is not true and that gives people a bad opinion of them.		He sued the newspaper for libel	226
periodical	a magazine that is published every week, month, etc. especially one that is concerned with an academic subject.			227
review	a report in a newspaper or magazine in which somebody gives their opinion of a book, play, film, record, etc		His new novel has been favorably reviewed.	228
lighthearted	intended to be amusing or easily enjoyable rather than too serious.			229
pastime	an activity that you do for pleasure when you are not working. Hobby.		Photography is her favorite pastime.	230
obscene	morally disgusting; offensive; likely to corrupt and deprave (esp. by regarding or describing sex indecently).			231
a back issue (number) of a newspaper	-	nieaktualny numer gazety	I got really bored while waiting in a queue because there was only a back issue of a newspaper lying on the table.	232
want ad	a short advertisement in a newspaper	ogłoszenia drobne	She always starts browsing her newspaper from want ads.	233
piping hot news	the freshest news	najciekawsze wiadomości	Cathy bought "The Sun" only for the piping hot news about the president's affair.	234
potboiler	an artistic work usually of low quality, that has been created quickly just to earn money	pismak, mierny artkykuł napisany dla zarobku	I wouldn't expect that such a talented writer can be the author of this pot-boiler.	235
hit/made/reached/grabbed the headlines	to become written about a lot in a newspaper	Trafić na czołówki	The comedian hit the headlines when he was accused of eating a pet hamster.	236
press realease	a public statement given to the press to publish if they wish		The concert promoters put out a press release two weeks before the event, with details of the charities to which they would donate their profits.	237
press box	a room kept for reporters to work in, esp. at sports events		There were three cricket commentators in the press box.	238
to cover an event	to report the news about a particular important event	relacjonować wydarzenie, napisać sprawozdanie		239
to cover an event	She's covering the American election for BBC television.			240
prime time	the time in television and radio broadcasting when the highest number of people are watching or listening	najlepszy czas antenowy	The interview will be broadcast during prime time, at 7 o'clock in the evening.	241
splash (across)	to print in a very noticeable way	sensacja prasowa	Several newspapers splashed colour pictures of Britney Spears across their front pages.	242
to be on the air	to broadcast on radio or television	być na antenie	There is a famous TV announcer on the air.	243
home news	news from a particular country	wiadomości z kraju	I haven't seen the home news yet.	244
headline news	news presented in the shortened version	wiadomości w skrócie	I always read the head-line news before breakfast.	245
broadcasting station	a station that makes it possible to receive a broadcast	stacja nadawcza	There was a breakdown of a broadcasting station yesterday.	246
good/bad reception	the degree to which radio or television sounds and pictures are clear	dobry/zły odbiór	We can't expect good reception from this TV set.	247
fleet street	the road in London where most of Britain's national newspapers were produced in the past, often used to refer to British national newspapers in general	prasa londyńska	Fleet Street is a powerful force in British society.	248
the fourth estate	the other name for media	czwarta władza	The fourth estate has a great influence on social life.	249
upto-the-minute-news	news having or including the most recent information possible	najświeższe wiadomości	Up-to-the-minute-news is provided by 24 hour channels like Sky News or CNN.	250
running commentary	a spoken description of an event as it happens	bieżący reportaż radiowy	On the 11th September this year everybody was listening to the running commentary from the United States.	251
proofread	to read and correct a piece of written or printed work	zrobić korektę	Every article has to be proofread before it is printed.	252
walkon part	rola statysty		I was at a casting session for a walk-on part in "Quo vadis" yesterday.	253
mustsee	a film that must be seen	film, który należy obejrzeć	Every film-goer will tell you that "Pulp Fiction" is a must-see.	254
royalty	a payment made to a writer	honorarium autorskie	The author of very famous article published in "the New York Times" was paid high royalty.	255
artwork	photographs & illustrations in books, newspapers & magazines	opracowanie graficzne	The person who is responsible for artwork is called a typographer.	256
newsreel	a short cinema film of recent event	kronika filmowa	During the communist regime government had newsreels produced that cast a positive light on often unfair government policy.	257
hit /reach/make the headlines	to appear as an important item of news in newspapers, television, or on radio	trafić na czołówki	the information about the sinking of the Russian submarine, the Kursk, hit the headlines.	258
broad/detailed coverage	detailed reporting of news ,events	szczegółowa relacja	There is detailed coverage of the government's debates.	259
dubious	unreliable, of questionable or doubtful truth;		Gerald's excuse for being late sounds rather dubious to me - I think he's making it up!	773
vetted	carefully and critically examined;		All potential spies have to be carefully vetted to make sure they don't turn out to be double agents who are secretly working for the other side.	774
irate	angry;		Joanna was absolutely irate when I broke the vase - I've never seen her so angry!	775
bogus	spurious, sham.		The door to door salesman was undoubtedly bogus and clearly a con man.	776
slogan	short, catchy phrase used in advertising, etc.		The slogan of British Petroleum is "put a tiger in your tank".	777
pose (moun)	Propound (question, problem); place (artist's model, etc,) in certain attitude.		The use of biological weapons poses the question whether the human race will	778
pose (moun)	Attitude of body or mind, esp. one assumed purely for effect.			779
pose (moun)	be able to survive		(2) As the film star left the cinema, she struck a pose for the cameras.	780
caption	heading of chapter, article, etc.;		The caption at the top of the newspaper read "...	781
agile	quick moving, nimble;		Exercise is good for you as it not only gives you more stamina but also makes you	782
agile	more agile.			783
guise	External esp. assumed appearance, pretence;		The spy entered the building under the guise of being a repairman.	784
depicts	shows, represents visually or in words;		Van Gogh's last painting depicts the rather confused state of his mind prior to his suicide.	785
provoke	rouse, incite, annoy, irritate;		Are you trying to provoke an argument?	786
to condone sth	forgive, overlook, approve of;		I don't think one can ever condone unprovoked violence.	787
to trivialise sth	to make sth seem less important than it really is;		I don't think one should trivialize the recent tragedy in America by using it for humorous purposes.	788
to backfire	to have the opposite of the intended effect;		There are fears that America's attempts to destroy the Taleban may yet backfire and make them stronger!	789
prompt	(1) cause or incite		(1)America's attempt to destroy the Taliban may prompt many Muslims to support Afghanistan.	790
prompt	(2) thing said to help memory - esp of actor;		(2) The actor on stage had clearly forgotten his lines and needed a prompt or two to help him!	791
upheld	confirmed or supported;		The decision of the local court to find Hopkins guilty was upheld by the Supreme Court who increased his sentence to a life one!	792
blasphemous	profane, sacrilegious;		Most people of a religious persuasion consider swearing in church as blasphemous.	793
prevalent	generally existing or occurring, prominent;		After the recent bombing in America, the prevalent attitude among the populace was one of wanting revenge.	794
to strike a balance	to achieve a balance, usually between two things;		It's often the case in disputes that there is some truth on both sides and therefore I believe that one should attempt to strike a balance when it comes to settling them!	795
to overstep the mark	to go beyond the bounds of decency, etc;		When Anna removed her clothing on top of the restaurant table, she clearly overstepped the mark. After all, people had to eat the food left there!	796
culprit	person accused of or guilty of crime or other misdemeanor;		Who was to blame for breaking the window, who was the guilty culprit?	797
disrespectful	showing a lack of respect, discourtesy;		I thought Gerald was very disrespectful when he shouted at the guest speaker.	798
ambiguous	of double or doubtful meaning;		The announcement that there was to be a surprise at the company soon was rather	799
to mock	subject to ridicule;		It is not nice to mock people - or to make fun of them.	800
anonymity	of unknown name;		It is important in some trials that some witnesses retain a high degree of anonymity, otherwise their lives could be at risk!	801
circulation	the average number of a newspaper or a magazine sold each day.	nakład)		802
editorial	the introductory article in a magazine			803
columnist	sb writing articles that appear regularly usually about a particular subject,	felietonista)		804
newspaper tycoon	sb successful in the mass media business who has much money and power,	magnat prasowy)		805
small ads	various advertisements published in a newspaper,			806
classified advertisements	adverts published in categories, according to a topic,			807
yellow pages, gutter press	tabloids, newspapers of low quality;		What? So you are buying yellow pages as well!	808
quality press	intellectual or specialised press ;	prasa elitarna)		809
typesetting	the activity of arranging texts and graphics for printing	sklad)		810
artwork	pictures made for a book or a magazine.	opracowanie graficzne)	Who was the author of the artwork in this book?	811
splash	sth that gets a lot of attention from the public;	sensacje prasowe)	Why are you laughing? Any new splash in the newspaper?	812
to scoop	to be the first newspaper to print news before any other media;		The Daily News scooped the other newspapers by revealing the prince's marriage plans.	813
to flick	(through)to skim a newspaper, to read it quickly without attending to details.			814
a newsreel	a cinema film or news,	kronika filmowa	When I was young there used to be newsreels before films, but now there are only adverts.	815
to put down/turn up the volume	to make a TV set play less or more loudly,			816
to switch over to/put over/turn over to	to change a channel,			817
to televise	to transmit;		The game will be televised live on BBC tonight.	818
a gogglebox/telly/junk-box	a TV set,			819
you have had your eyes glued to the tv all day	you have watched TV all day long,			820
poor reception	bad quality of the transmission;		I wanted to watch the festival, but the reception was so poor that I switched over to a thriller.	821
interference	signals that spoil the quality of sound or picture that you receive;	zakłócenia)	What is wrong with this telly? The interference is unbearable.	822
advice columnist	a person who writes in a newspaper or magazine giving advice in response to people's letters about their personal problems		Ann Landers is the most popular advice columnist in the States.	823
advice column	a section of a newspaper or magazine in which somebody gives advice to readers who have sent letters about their personal problems;		Buck always reads the advice column during breakfast.	824
press agent	a person whose job is to supply information and advertising material about a particular famous person to the media;		Brad Pitt's press agent is also his brother.	825
to make the headlines	to be an important item of news in newspapers, on the radio, or on the television;		Recent events in Afghanistan don't stop making the headlines.	826
journal	a newspaper or magazine that deals with a particular subject or profession;		He likes to read medical journals because he hopes to someday be a doctor.	827
news agency	an organization that collects news and supplies it to newspaper, television and radio companies;		People were mislead by the premature reports from that press agency.	828
news flash	a short item of important news that is broadcast on radio or TV, often interrupting a program;		A news flash interrupted last night's episode of Friends.	829
newsworth	information interesting or important enough to be reported as news;		Last week's riot was newsworthy even for CNN.	830
obituary	an article about sb's life and achievements, that is printed in a newspaper soon after they have died;		The mayor's obituary was a true reflection of how good of a person he really was.	831
column	a part of a newspaper or magazine that appears regularly, deals with a particular subject and is written by one person;		I find his column to always be fascinating.	832
columnist	a person who writes regularly, usually on a particular topic, for a newspaper or magazine;		Columnists for the New York Times are the best of the best.	833
press corps	a group of journalists who work in or go to a particular place to report on an event;		Being part of the press corps in Vietnam was both exciting and dangerous.	834
to broadcast	to transmit sound and/or pictures by using radio waves;		CNN is broadcast 24 hours a day.	835
to be on air	to be broadcasting;		The program will be on air at 7:00.	836
to televise	to broadcast sth on television;		The president's speech will be televise around the globe.	837
gutter press	newspapers that print a lot of shocking stories about people's lives rather than about real news;		She's ignorant to what's going on in the world because she only reads gutter press.	838
coverage	the reporting of news in newspapers, radio and TV;		The demonstration received live coverage.	839
footage	a part of a film showing a particular event;		The footage was from post-Communist Hungary.	840
soap opera	an ongoing story about the lives and problems of a group of people which is broadcast on TV;		The Young and the Restless is on everyday at 11:00 a.m.	841
to tune into sth	to listen to a radio program or watch the television;		Every morning I tune into 98 FM to check the weather.	842
a lame story/effort, etc.	Unconvincing		His excuse about his absence was fairly lame.	1517
to denigrate sb	To say bad things about someone.		How the media can get away with denigrating whoever they want amazes me.	1518
nebulous	Vague/ unclear		The concept of national identity is considered by some to be somewhat nebulous.	1519
to arrest someone's attention	To grab someone's attention		The proposition that Harold Wilson could have been a Russian spy is an arresting one.	1520
pithy	Strongly and cleverly stated with few words.		Oscar Wilde was famous for his pithy statements such as 'I have nothing to declare but my genius'.	1521
to confound	To confuse and surprise people by being unexpected.		He confounded his guests by telling them all to leave.	1522
scurilous	Something that is damaging and harmful		Certain newspapers are famous for their scurrilous journalism.	1523
turgid	Writing or speech which is difficult to understand or boring.		The play we went to see last night was turgid and amateurish.	1524
coverage	(1) the reporting or broadcasting of news: e.g. coverage of the Olympics.		The newscaster received an award for her coverage of the election. I prefer the rather sober coverage on BBC World to the glitzy showmanship on CNN.	1525
coverage	(2) the area or number of persons served or reached by a communications medium, e.g. a broadcaster or a mobile phone company.	zakres	TV and radio stations constantly wrangle for wider coverage. GSM companies often boast of their extensive coverage.	1526
a public service announcement	a message appearing alongside commercials but without a product, broadcast to inform the public of the health risks of smoking or the hazards of drunk driving, to remind them to vote, or to promote a healthy diet, etc.		The celebrity came on and delivered a public service announcement aimed at dissuading teenagers from experimenting with drugs.	1527
to blow a speaker	to play music at a greater volume than the equipment was intended to handle, thereby destroying a speaker.		He cranked up his new Rush CD and immediately blew the left speaker. "Whoops," said he.	1528
dish (Also called SATELLITE DISH or DISH ANTENNA)	a dish-shaped reflector, used esp. for receiving satellite and microwave signals.	antena satelitarna	In the early 1990s, a satellite dish on almost every balcony was a common phenomenon - to some extent, even a status symbol - in Poland.	1529
breaking news	a news story reported immediately or even as it is happening.		We interrupt our regularly scheduled programming to bring you this breaking news...	1530
this just in...	a commonly used phrase to indicate an update or late-breaking story.		This just in, the government has announced it will scrap its tax-hike plans.	1531
franchise	an agreement in which a company gives a business the right to sell its good in return for a fee or a share of the profits.	franszyza	Once he had opened a whole chain of shops, he began to franchise them to individual owners. Private shuttle bus operators compete for the franchise to service new, outlying residential areas.	1532
aerial	a radio or television antenna.		The storm blew the aerial down and tore a hole in the roof.	1533
sponsors	a person, firm, organization, etc., that supports the cost of a radio or television program, or sport event, etc., by buying time for advertising or promotion during the broadcast.		The content was so controversial that they were having a hard time signing sponsors. And now, a word from our sponsors...	1534
crank it up	! an enthusiastic (slang) request that the volume (usu. of music) be increased.		When their favorite song came on the radio, they all started shouting, "Crank it up!"	1535
bailout	financial assistance given to a failing business or economy by a government, bank so as to save it from collapse.		At issue these days are the airline bailouts. Are they being fairly administered? Governments have to avoid protectionism, bailouts that cannot work and subsidies just to keep industries alive.	1536
pawn shop	a business lending money at interest on personal, movable property deposited with the lender until redeemed, which it often isn't and is thus sold off second-hand to sb else.	komis	He managed to pick up a barely-used amp at the pawn shop for peanuts.	1537
ratings	percentages indicating the number of listeners to or viewers of a radio or television broadcast.		Our ratings couldn't be better! We're sitting on top of the world! It's not about art, you know. It's all about ratings.	1538
sportscast	a radio or television program consisting of sports news or commentary on a sports event.		I couldn't afford tickets so I had to settle for the radio sportscast.	1539
circulation	dissemination; distribution of copies of a periodical among readers; number of items distributed over a given period, as copies of a periodical sold by a publisher, or books lent by a library.		The Solidarity newsletter had a circulation of over half a million copies. The half eagle, or fivedollar gold piece, is no longer in circulation. It's out of circulation.	1540
a sitcom	(from "situation comedy") a television or radio series made up of independent episodes depicting the comic adventures of a fixed group of characters.	serial komediowy	"Świat według Kiepskich" and "13 posterunek" are popular sitcoms on Polish TV.	1541
channel surfing	constantly browsing through the numerous cable or satellite TV channels (without actually watching anything through to the end) in search of sth more interesting.		I can't watch TV with my brother; he's constantly channel surfing. It's drives me up the wall.	1542
to adjust sth	to set, regulate, change, alter, modify, regulate sth to suit one's needs or tastes.		This thing's pretty complicated. I don't even know how to adjust the color or brightness! He adjusted the volume on his cell phone so as not disturb others.	1543
truth in advertising	honesty, integrity, accuracy, truthfulness in marketing goods or services.		Although laws do exist to punish firms engaging in false advertising, many people still feel the phrase "truth in advertising" is an oxymoron, i.e. a contradiction in terms.	1544
a pilot	a filmed or taped television program serving to introduce a possible new series; any a preliminary or experimental trial or test, e.g. a pilot study.		She was in the pilot for "Fox Fire Five" but it was cancelled before it even went on the air.	1545
simulcast	(n. and v.) a program broadcast simultaneously on radio, television, and/or internet, or on more than one station, or in several languages, etc., or a closed-circuit television broadcast of an event, as a horse race or concert, while it is taking place.		There's going to be a simulcast of the event tonight at 8pm. We were so far from the stage that Sting was just a speck in the distance. At least we could see him on the simulcast screens.	1546
a mockumentary	a parody of the documentary form.		The Gods Must Be Crazy and Woody Allen's Zelig are both hilarious mockumentaries.	1547
tabloid	a newspaper about half the size of an ordinary newspaper, usu. heavily illustrated, and often concentrating on sensational or lurid news; a SCANDAL SHEET or RAG.		Photos of the three of them cavorting on the nude beach appeared in all the tabloids. Tabloids are easy to vilify but somebody must be buying the millions of copies sold.	1548
a rockumentary	a documentary program about rock and roll music or a particular genre, band.		There was an interesting rockumentary on last night called "Only the Good Die Young". Spinal Tap was both a mockumentary and a rockumentray.	1549
prime time	(n.) / PRIMETIME (adj.) - the hours, generally between 7 and 11 P.M. considered to have the largest television audience of the day.		"Who said anything about morality? I'd kill to get a prime-time slot," one producer explained. One of their latenight shows became so popular that the network rescheduled it for prime time.	1550
anchor	the main broadcaster on a program of news, sports, etc., who often coordinates the reports of the program's other broadcasters.		It was easy to see that the news anchor suffered a superiority complex.	1551
correspondent	a person employed by a newspaper, television network, etc., to gather and report news regularly from a distant place.		And now we'll go live to our correspondent in Djibouti.	1552
commentator	a person who discusses news, sports events, or other topics on television or radio.		The TV sports commentator said our team put up a valiant fight.	1553
infotainment	a popular (and many would argue compromised) form of modern news media, one that does not simply report facts but provides analysis which tries to keep the audience awake and amused.		I'm sick of these infotainment programs always trying to be so cute! Just the facts, please.	1554
dubious	unreliable, of questionable or doubtful truth.		Gerald's excuse for being late sounds rather dubious to me - I think he's making it up!	1555
vetted	carefully and critically examined.		All potential spies have to be carefully vetted to make sure they don't turn out to be double agents who are secretly working for the other side.	1556
irate	angry.		Joanna was absolutely irate when I broke the vase - I've never seen her so angry!	1557
bogus	spurious, sham.		The door to door salesman was undoubtedly bogus and clearly a con man.	1558
slogan	short, catchy phrase used in advertising, etc.		The slogan of British Petroleum is "put a tiger in your tank".	1559
pose	(1 Verb) Propound (question, problem); place (artist's model, etc,) in certain attitude.		(1)The use of biological weapons poses the question whether the human race will be able to survive?	1560
pose	(2 Noun) Attitude of body or mind, esp. one assumed purely for effect.		As the film star left the cinema, she struck a pose for the cameras.	1561
caption	heading of chapter, article, etc.		The caption at the top of the newspaper read "...	1562
agile	quick moving, nimble.		Exercise is good for you as it not only gives you more stamina but also makes you more agile.	1563
guise	External esp. assumed appearance, pretence.		The spy entered the building under the guise of being a repairman.	1564
depicts	shows, represents visually or in words.		Van Gogh's last painting depicts the rather confused state of his mind prior to his suicide.	1565
provoke	rouse, incite, annoy, irritate.		Are you trying to provoke an argument?	1566
to condone sth	forgive, overlook, approve of.		I don't think one can ever condone unprovoked violence.	1567
to trivialise sth	to make sth seem less important than it really is.		I don't think one should trivialize the recent tragedy in America by using it for humorous purposes.	1568
to backfire	to have the opposite of the intended effect.		There are fears that America's attempts to destroy the Taleban may yet backfire and	1569
to backfire	make them stronger!			1570
prompt	(1) cause or incite,		(1)America's attempt to destroy the Taliban may prompt many Muslims to support Afghanistan.	1571
prompt	(2)thing said to help memory - esp of actor.		(2) The actor on stage had clearly forgotten his lines and needed a prompt or two to help him!	1572
upheld	confirmed or supported.		The decision of the local court to find Hopkins guilty was upheld by the Supreme Court who increased his sentence to a life one!	1573
blasphemous	profane, sacrilegious.		Most people of a religious persuasion consider swearing in church as blasphemous.	1574
prevalent	generally existing or occurring, prominent.		After the recent bombing in America, the prevalent attitude among the populace was one of wanting revenge.	1575
to strike a balance	to achieve a balance, usually between two things.		It's often the case in disputes that there is some truth on both sides and therefore I believe that one should attempt to strike a balance when it comes to settling them!	1576
to overstep the mark	to go beyond the bounds of decency, etc.		When Anna removed her clothing on top of the restaurant table, she clearly overstepped the mark. After all, people had to eat the food left there!	1577
culprit	person accused of or guilty of crime or other misdemeanor.		Who was to blame for breaking the window, who was the guilty culprit?	1578
disrespectful	showing a lack of respect, discourtesy.		I thought Gerald was very disrespectful when he shouted at the guest speaker.	1579
ambiguous	of double or doubtful meaning.		The announcement that there was to be a surprise at the company soon was rather	1580
to mock	subject to ridicule.		It is not nice to mock people - or to make fun of them.	1581
anonymity	of unknown name.		It is important in some trials that some witnesses retain a high degree of anonymity, otherwise their lives could be at risk!	1582
rating	the system of giving a letter to a film, showing who may see it,	oznaczenie filmu lub programu, dla kogo jest przeznaczony	The film has been given an X rating. If a film has G rating it means that it is addressed to general audience.	1583
libel	a printed or written statement that says unfairly bad things about a person and may make others have a low opinion of him or her,	znieslawienie	The politician is suing the magazine for libel. She claims she has been libeled in the press.	1584
circulation	the number of copies of a magazine, newspaper, etc. That are sold each time it is produced	nakład	National Geographic has a circulation of 11 millions. The circulation of the magazine will fall after increasing the price.	1585
panelist	person who answers questions or discusses an issue on a TV show,	gość programu	"Good evening. Let me first introduce tonight's panelists."	1586
abridge	make sth written or spoken shorter,	skrócić, ograniczyć	"Ulysses" has been abridged for radio.	1587
editorial	newspaper article in which the editor gives his/her opinion on a subject,	artykuł wstępny	"The Times's" last editorial was really controversial.	1588
newsworthy	interesting enough to be reported,	warty publikacji	IFA's eightieth anniversary was newsworthy enough for TVP to report on.	1589
scoop	(coll.) important information about a news item,	bomba	The reporter got a hot scoop about the war.	1590
garbled	about a statement; unclear, confusing,	przekręcony	His message was garbled.	1591
embellish	make a statement more interesting, usually with small lies,	koloryzować	The media often embellish the news.	1592
banner	long poster for advertising,	transparent	There are a lot of banners over the streets advertising different things.	1593
revenue	entire income,	dochód	Advertising revenue has dropped noticeably.	1594
resolution	making a picture clearer,	rozdzielczość	Good quality computer screens have great resolution.	1595
amplifier	part of a radio that controls the volume,	wzmacniacz	His brand new amplifier on his cd player cost $500.	1596
ghetto blaster	larger portable stereo with loud speakers,	przenośny radiomagnetofon	Ghetto blasters were popular in the 80's.	1597
newscaster	a TV news reporter,	prezenter wiadomości	TVN has the best newscasters.	1598
news anchor	reporter living abroad providing news for TV,	korespondent zagraniczny	She works as a news anchor in Slovakia.	1599
rating	the system of giving a letter to a film, showing who may see it,	oznaczenie filmu lub programu, dla kogo jest przeznaczony	The film has been given an X rating. If a film has G rating it means that it is addressed to general audience.	2334
libel	a printed or written statement that says unfairly bad things about a person and may make others have a low opinion of him or her,	znieslawienie	The politician is suing the magazine for libel. She claims she has been libeled in the press.	2335
circulation	the number of copies of a magazine, newspaper, etc. that are sold each time it is produced	nakład	National Geographic has a circulation of 11 million. The circulation of the magazine will fall after increasing the price.	2336
panelist	person who answers questions or discusses an issue on a TV show,	gość programu	"Good evening. Let me first introduce tonight's panelists."	2337
abridge	make sth written or spoken shorter,	skrócić, ograniczyć	"Ulysses" has been abridged for radio.	2338
editorial	newspaper article in which the editor gives his/her opinion on a subject,	artykuł wstępny	"The Time's" last editorial was really controversial.	2339
newsworthy	interesting enough to be reported,	warty publikacji	IFA's eightieth anniversary was newsworthy enough for TVP to report on.	2340
scoop	(coll.) important information about a news item,	bomba	The reporter got a hot scoop about the war.	2341
garbled	about a statement; unclear, confusing,	przekręcony	His message was garbled.	2342
embellish	make a statement more interesting, usually with small lies,	koloryzować	The media often embellish the news.	2343
banner	long poster for advertising,	transparent	There are a lot of banners over the streets advertising different things.	2344
revenue	entire income,	dochód	Advertising revenue has dropped noticeably.	2345
resolution	making a picture clearer,	rozdzielczość	Good quality computer screens have great resolution.	2346
amplifier	part of a radio that controls the volume,	wzmacniacz	His brand new amplifier on his cd player cost $500.	2347
ghetto blaster	larger portable stereo with loud speakers,	przenośny radiomagnetofon	Ghetto blasters were popular in the 80's.	2348
newscaster	a TV news reporter,	prezenter wiadomości	TVN has the best newscasters.	2349
news anchor	reporter living abroad providing news for TV,	korespondent zagraniczny	She works as a news anchor in Slovakia.	2350
hype	attempts to get a lot of public attention for things or people by saying loudly and often that they are very good, or better than they really are		The media hype before every match of the Polish football team is beginning to get on my nerves.	2351
limelight	the centre of public attention		Taking part in Big Brother is a sure way of getting into the limelight.	2352
newscaster	a person who broadcasts news on radio or TV		To have a successful news programme you need a newscaster who inspires confidence in the viewers.	2353
newshound	a very eager newspaper reporter, who is always looking for new stories		The heart of the murdered man had hardly stopped beating when the newshounds arrived.	2354
newsletter	a small sheet of printed news sent regularly to a particular group of people		The latest issue of the university newsletter is devoted to the question of salary increases.	2355
royalty	a payment made to the writer of a book, piece of music etc. out of the money made for selling that work		The writer gets a 10% royalty on each copy of his book sold.	2356
libel	(the making of) a printed or written statement that says unfairly bad things about a person		The politician is suing the newspaper for libel.	2357
disclaimer	a statement which denies something		Fictional films usually carry a disclaimer that the characters depicted do not bear any resemblance to people living or dead.	2358
scoop	to be the first newspaper to print an important news report		The Daily News scooped the other papers by revealing the prince's marriage plans.	2359
celebrity	a famous person, especially in the business of entertainment		It's difficult for celebrities to protect their privacy.	2360
groupie	a person, esp. a young girl, who follows pop groups to their concerts, hoping to meet and perhaps have sex with the players		Members of boys' bands have to put up with crowds of groupies following them about.	2361
anchorman	(Am.E.) a broadcaster, usually on TV, who is in charge of a news broadcast		The anchormen of the major television networks are as well-known as the president.	2362
coverage	the amount of time and space given by television, a newspaper etc. to a particular subject or event		Most TV stations had live coverage of the events of September 11 in America.	2363
column	an article by a particular writer or on a particular subject that regularly appears in a newspaper or magazine:		He is only a young journalist but he already has his own column in the Independent.	2364
columnist	a person who writes a newspaper or magazine column		The Guardian has an excellent bridge columnist.	2365
editorial	an article in a newspaper giving the paper's opinion on a matter rather than reporting information		Did you see the editorial about the Middle East situation in today's paper?	2366
obituary	a formal report, esp. in a newspaper, that someone has died, usually with an account of the dead person's life		Mark Twain is one of the few people ever to have read his own obituary.	2367
press release	a prepared statement given out to news services and newspapers:		The White House has issued a press release confirming the suspected anthrax attack.	2368
newsreel	a short cinema film of news		The old newsreels are an invaluable source of historical information.	2369
bias	a tendency to be in favour of or against something or someone without knowing enough to be able to judge fairly		They complained of bias in the way the news media reported the story.	2370
subliminal	(shown) at a level of the mind which the senses are not conscious of		Subliminal advertising on TV has been banned.	2371
gory	full of extreme violence and unpleasantness		The newspaper account of the accident gave all the gory details.	2372
caption	words printed above or below a picture, newspaper article etc. to say what it is about or give further information		The caption under the photo read: "Hamsters will do anything for a piece of watermelon."	2373
blurb	a short description of the contents of a book, printed on the cover or in advertisements		Having now read the novel, I must say that the blurb is better written than the book itself.	2374
to misconstrue	to interpret wrongly		The newspapers misconstrued the Minister's speech.	2375
misconception	an idea which has been misunderstood or which is not correct		There are many fears and misconceptions about cancer.	2376
hypothetical	that which is based on theoretical or possible situations as opposed to actual ones		He rejected the question on the grounds that it was hypothetical.	2377
groundless	sth not based on evidence, and likely to be untrue.		The reports of his affair were groundless.	2378
homage	respect shown to sth or somebody		The film pays homage to role of women in society.	2379
hedonism	the belief that gaining pleasure is the most important thing.		There is a strong element of hedonism prevalent in tabloid journalism.	2380
hegemony	the domination or control by one country or culture over another.		The Internet is often cited as the most insidious instance of Western cultural hegemony.	2381
irreverent	disrespectful		The film was an irreverent comedy based on the Royal family.	2382
mendacity	the quality of lying rather than being truthful		His speech was a display of cowardice and mendacity.	2383
noncommittal	when somebody deliberately does not express an opinion or their intentions		The actor was non-committal when asked about his views on religion.	2384
nonsensical	sth which makes no sense or is stupid		The argument is nonsensical.	2385
obtrusive	offensive and imposing		Celebrities often find the activities of the press an obtrusive presence in their lives.	2386
obsolete	sth which is no longer needed.		So much software becomes obsolete almost as soon as it reaches the shops.	2387
occidental	relating to Europe and America		The African mind works rather differently from the occidental one.	2388
play down	to try to make people believe that something is not very important.		Newspapers tend to play down the question of corporate censorship.	2389
platitude	a statement which is considered meaningless or boring because it has been said so often			2390
plausible	that which is likely to be true.		The most plausible explanation for his attitude lies in his fear of authority.	2391
proliferate	to increase in number very quickly		Dot.coms proliferated in the late 1990's.	2392
icon	somebody or something which is important as a symbol of something		Picasso is an icon of modernism.	2393
iconoclastic	that which contradicts and challenges established beliefs.		Cage's music was iconoclastic in that it refused to be bound by western traditions of harmony and structure.	2394

Politically Correct Language

aurally challenged	deaf		You may have to repeat what you say to him-he's aurally challenged.	260
vertically challenged	short		His wife is quite tall , but he is definitely vertically challenged.	261
hair disadvantaged	bald		He's slightly bald at the top of his head- but he prefers to be referred to as hair disadvantaged, not bald.	262
financially embarrased	broke; with no money		I can't pay you right now- I'm somewhat financially embarrassed.	263
intellectually challenged	stupid		Some of your staff seem intellectually challenged- they have problems with the most simple tasks.	264
visually impaired	blind		It's less socially offensive when you call the blind visually impaired .	265

Politics

to grease somebody's palm	to bribe somebody; to give a sum of money to sb in return for some, often dishonest, help		In many countries you can't get anything done without greasing the palms of officials.	266
moneylaundering/ to launder money	to transfer money obtained illegally to foreign banks, using respectable business, so as to disguise its source		The gang laundered the drugs money through their chain of restaurants.	267
a slush fund	a fund of money used for illegal purposes, esp by a political party		They created a slush fund to bribe influential officials.	268
a poll	a box where you put your ballot paper			269
a ballot paper	a piece of paper on which you mark your vote			270
an electoral roll	a poster on which there are all the candidates enlisted			271
frontrunner candidates	candidates that seem most likely to win (elections)			272
a landslide victory	a victory in an election gained by many more votes than the other people or parties		He was expected to win by a landslide. Labour's landslide victory of 1997.	273
a political oblivion	a state in which a person (a politician) or a party is no longer important			274
an outright majority	a complete and total majority			275
a minority/majority government	a government created by the minority/ majority in the Parliament			276
coalition partner	a party that helps the winners to form the government			277
commitment	a promise to do sth, the willingness to work hard and give your energy and time to keep it		the government's commitment to public services	278
a key objective	a main purpose, sth that you are trying to achieve		to meet/ achieve your objective	279
to enhance	to increase or improve the good quality, value or status of sb/ sth		This is an opportunity to enhance the reputation of the government.	280
accountable	(to sb) (for sth) responsible for your decisions or action and expected to explain them when you are asked		Politicians are ultimately accountable to the voters.	281
an endorsement	a public statement or action showing that you support sb/ sth		The election victory is a clear endorsement of their politics.	282
allegiance	a continued support for a political party, religion, ruler, etc (to pledge/ swear allegiance to sb/ sth; to switch/ transfer/ change allegiance; an oath/ a vow/ a statement of allegiance		People of various party allegiance joined the campaign.	283
a breach	a failure to do sth that must be done by law		They are in breach of Article 119.;	284
a breach	an action that breaks an agreement to behave in a particular way		a breach of confidence/ trust	285
a shambles	a situation in which there is a lot of confusion or disorder		The government is in a shambles over Europe.	286
the judiciarythe judicial branch	the judges of a country or a state considered as a group			287
the executivethe executive branch	the part of a government responsible for putting laws into effect			288
the legislature the legislature branch	a group of people who have the power to make and change laws			289
finance policy	A plan of action concerning public finances			290
fiscal policy	A plan of action concerning taxes			291
the legal system	the system of all laws in a country			292
to summon the parliament	to arrange the meeting of the parliament			293
eurosceptics	people that are reluctant to the European unity			294
a motley crew	a group of many different people that do not seem to belong together			295
mutual respect	respect shared by two or more people			296
contradictory laws	laws that show a lack of agreement			297
voter turnout	the number of people who go to vote.	frekwencja na głosowaniu	Voter turnout in Poland this year was very low, with very few people going to the polls.	843
incipient	beginning, in early stage.	w początkowym stadium	Gerald's illness was incipient, so there was lots of hope for a recuperation.	844
onerous	burdensome, unpleasant.	uciążliwy	Most soldiers probably consider it an onerous duty to have to kill their enemy, but often it is a case of kill or be killed.	845
snappy	brisk, or neat and elegant.	szybko albo: dobrze ubrany)	You look very snappy today - why are you so well dressed up?	846
disseminating	Scatter about, sow in various places (esp. fig. Of doctrines, sedition, disease, etc).	rozpowszechnianie	The Taleban in Afghanistan recently accused several Christians of disseminating	847
soundbite	popular, catchy and pleasant sounding words that in fact convey very little substance, often used with reference to political speeches.		When the prime minister declared he wouldn't involve himself in any argy-bargy with the Argentineans it all sounded very nice, but what did he really mean it was pure sound bite, the sort of thing the public wanted to hear!	848
downgraded	lowered in rank, etc.	(1) zdegradowany	The sergeant was informed that his actions were irresponsible and that he was going to be downgraded to the rank of corporal.	849
downgraded	lowered in rank, etc.	(2) o pogarszającej się jakości	(2) The quality of McDougal's flour has definitely been downgraded recently, don't you think?	850
electorate	body of electors, those entitled to vote.	elektorat	The electorate of Poland has once again decided to choose a communist government.	851
vicissitudes	Continuous changes and problems which affect someone's life ups and downs;		He would often sit and reflect on the vicissitudes of his life.	852
whistleblower	Sb who makes secret information public.		David Shayler, the MI5 whistle-blower, is taking his case to the European Court of Human Rights.	853
politicising	give political character to.	upolityczniać	I wish you'd stop politicizing about Gerald's birthday being a great moment for the state and just give him your best wishes	854
politic	sagacious, prudent, judicious, expedient.	rozważnie	I think Anna's saying about Gerald's birthday being a great moment for the state was rather politic considering her own forthcoming candidacy to be elected Gerald's party!	855
electioneering	the busying of oneself in elections, trying to get elected.	agitacja wyborcza	When the prime minister announced that he was increasing pensions, some people accused him of already indulging in electioneering and not really being concerned about the plight of the elderly!	856
wishywashy	Either weak or unclear ideas or a person whose ideas are thus;;		The problem with the Liberal Democrats is that their policies are so wishy-washy.	857
quango	a QUAsi- Non-Governmental Organization;		Some people say that the new committee set up to study government inefficiency will not really find anything wrong as it is just a quango and not really separate from the government!	858
constituency	body of voters who elect a representative, area so represented.	okręg wyborczy	Most of the people in my constituency vote Tory, but I never will!	859
ballot	secret voting, or (verb) process of voting in such a way.	tajne głosowanie	The union members were asked to vote in a ballot for a new leader.	860
offset	counterbalance, compensating point.	równoważenie, kompensacja	The prime minister hoped that the increase in overall taxes would be offset for pensioners by an increase in their pensions so that they at least didn't suffer.	861
entrenched	well defended, or set/fixed position.	utrwalony, zakorzeniony	Many people accuse the government of being entrenched in their taxation policy, refusing to listen to common sense!	862
sanctimonious	Behaving in an annoying manner as if morally better than others;		The most irritating thing about politicians is their sanctimonious preaching about family values.	863
to follow suit	to do the same as (sb else).		The government having finally decided to cut taxes, the opposition has decided to follow suit and make it one of their policies as well.	864
a dumbing down of sth	making sth as simplistic as possible;		Einstein's theory of relativity is very complex and needs dumbing down a little if the ordinary public is to understand it.	865
spin doctors	political speech makers, practiced in the art of oratory		Some accuse the Labor party of having lots of spin doctors, practiced in the art of making clever sounding speeches.	866
to pander to	to minister to (often base passion or evil designs);		I think the Conservative party often panders to the baser desires of the public.	867
a landslide majority	an outright/vast majority;		In the last two elections, though particularly the last one, the Labor party has achieved a landslide majority.	868
first past the post system	system by which the first party to get a majority of votes, no matter how many, in whatever constituency, wins that constituency and has its m.p. represent that area - the opposite to proportional representation.			869
hobbyhorse	topic to which one often recurs, is obsessed by;		The lowering of taxes is a subject which the present treasurer seems to treat as his own personal hobbyhorse, almost ignoring all other aspects of the economy.	870
horse trading	the pragmatic trading of favors...		Listen, sunshine, lets have less horse trading and more principled actions based on loyalty, okay?	871
to curry favour with	to seek sb's approval in a, usually, sycophantic way;		It's no use trying to curry favor with me by offering to do the dishes, you can't go out and that is that!	872
cia	Central Intelligence Agency, established in 1947 by Truman;		~ conducts U.S. intelligence and counterintelligence missions overseas.	873
civil rights movement	Mass movement for political, social and economic equality by African Americans;		~ was vivid during the 1960s, mostly in the segregated cities of the Southern United States.	874
broken arrow	Any incident that includes the seizure, theft, loss or accidental destruction of a nuclear device.			875
first strike capability	The capacity to launch a nuclear strike without fear of a nuclear counterattack from the enemy;		the United States enjoyed ~ over the Soviet Union until the late 1950s.	876
hot line	Direct phone line between Washington and Moscow;		~ has been used since the Cuban Missile Crisis.	877
belligerency	a state of armed conflict. Belligerents are direct participants in the conflict.			878
conciliation a	n effort to achieve agreement and, hopefully, increased goodwill between two opposed parties;		We still hope for successful ~ between USA and Afghanistan.	879
convention	An agreement between two or more states concerning matters of common interest;		~ often deals with important subjects - international postal and copyright laws, for example, of the law of the sea.	880
country team	An American diplomatic term meaning the ambassador's cabinet;		It consists of his deputy chief of mission, heads of all important embassy sections, and the chiefs of all other elements (military, agricultural, aid, information, and cultural, etc.) working under him in the "embassy community".	881
dispatch	A written, as opposed to a telegraphic, message from an embassy to its home office or vice versa;		US embassies all over the world received dispatches telling them to beware of anonymous mail.	882
good offices	An effort by a third state, or by an individual or an international body, designed to stimulate the processes of settlement in a dispute between two other states.			883
rapprochement	The establishment of improved relations.		After the termination of the conflict, we wait for a gradual ~.	884
seventh floor	Shorthand for the most senior leadership of the U.S. State Department. It is where the offices of the Secretary of State and his most senior aides are located;		The ~ are having a debate right now.	885
sixth floor	Where many of the U.S. State Department's regional and other assistant secretaries have their offices. Shorthand for the assistant secretary level of the department's leadership.			886
decontamination	The process of making any person, object, or area safe by absorbing, destroying, neutralising, making harmless, or removing chemical or biological agents, or by removing radioactive material clinging or to around it;		The ~ process can last for tens of years after a war.	887
dump	A temporary storage area for logistics; fuel or ammunition			888
maneuver (am);	manoeuvre (Br.) 1. A movement to place ships or aircrafts in a position of advantage.			889
maneuver (am);	2. A tactical exercise carried out at sea, in the air, on the ground, or on a map in imitation of an operation.			890
peacekeeper	peacekeeping soldier - civilian staff (whereas 'peace-keeping soldiers' doesn't); in practice however, the term usually refers to the military component of a peace-keeping operation see also: civilian peace-keeper			891
preventive diplomacy	action to prevent disputes from arising between parties, prevent existing disputes from escalating into conflicts and to limit the spread of the latter when they occur.		Most civilised countries lead ~ nowadays.	892
gun pit	an. overlooking permanent checkpoint;		One soldier was shot yesterday while he mounted guard in a ~.	893
statesman	an important and experienced politician who is admired in other countries as well as his own;		Senator Wellstone is a true statesman.	894
politicking	the act of trying to persuade others to vote for a particular political party;		Politicking is forbidden on election day.	895
election day	the day when people vote in an election;		Election day will be on the first Thursday of November.	896
to go to the polls	to vote;		The country will go to the polls and choose the best man.	897
party politics	political activity involving official political organizations that have their own ideas and aims, and that compete against each other in order to gain power;		Is it a good idea for unions to get involved in party politics?	898
party line	the official view of a political party which members are expected to support;		All members must vote according to the party line.	899
partisan	showing a lot of support for one person or party;		Most newspapers appear to be partisan.	900
tow the line	to say or do what those in authority say is right even if one doesn't agree;		If your going to be a Republican, you have to tow the line and vote only for Republicans.	901
to amend	to change the words of a legal document;		The government has had to amend the constitution several times.	902
lame duck	a person who had an elected position but was not elected again;		The governor was a lame duck after election day.	903
plutocracy	a system of government in which the wealthy hold all the power;		It's time we put an end to this plutocracy!	904
term of office	a period of time between two elections during which an elected official is in office;		The president's death occurred in his first term of office.	905
vote of confidence	a vote taken to show a general support for a leader or government;		The right-wing alliance has called for a vote of confidence.	906
constituency	a district that has it's own elected representative in the government;		The senator's constituency includes most of the poorest areas.	907
election platform	the main policies and aims of a political party stated before an election;		The party's election platform will be announced to the public on Monday.	908
opinion poll	a survey of public opinion on a particular subject, especially involving politics;		Nearly three-fourths of the people questioned in the opinion poll agreed with the governor's decision.	909
press release	an official statement about a matter of public interest which is given to the press;		The vice-president's press release denied the rumor of his resignation.	910
to ratify	to make an agreement or treaty officially valid;		Many countries have ratified the UN convention on human rights.	911
summit talks	a meeting between heads of two or more governments;		Israel and Egypt held summit talks to ease tensions between them.	912
budget surplus	the amount by which the total money received is greater than the total money spent by a government;		The budget surplus is hoped to go education.	913
to impeach	to make an accusation of a public official which states that he committed a serious crime in connection with his job;		The representative from New York was impeached for taking public money	914
poverty of an argument/ idea	Weakness		The poverty of his arguments is the heart of his writing problems.	1600
polemic	A written or spoken statement that strongly criticizes or defends a particular idea, opinion, etc.		The polemic over European union is increasing day by day.	1601
expound	To explain or talk about something in detail.		We often expound upon things we believe in.	1602
erstwhile	Former		Erstwhile opinions suggest politics was the main cause of the English Civil War.	1603
aplomb	Confident and skilful.		The Northern Ireland Secretary handled the hostile questions with great aplomb.	1604
disavow	To state that you are not responsible for sth or that you have no knowledge of it.		He later disavowed any connection with the Fascist collaborators.	1605
confute	To prove that a person or belief is completely wrong.		I defy you to confute my assertion that the world is round.	1606
incumbent	The holder of a particular position.		The Prime Minister can choose who he wants as a Foreign Secretary. The present incumbent is Jack Straw.	1607
abate	To reduce lessen/lessen		Arguments over a single European currency are unlikely to abate in the near future.	1608
impetus	To gain momentum.		The anti-globalization movement is slowly gaining impetus.	1609
platitude	A statement that has been made many times before and is not interesting or clever.		His end of year speech was full of platitudes.	1610
latent	Something that is present but hidden and may develop or become more noticeable in the future.		The idea that Germany is a latent threat to Polish security is ridiculous.	1611
plutocracy	A ruling class of rich people, a country ruled by such people, or a government consisting of them.		Britain was far more of a plutocracy in the 19th century than she is today.	1612
subversive	Ideas, activities, etc that are secret and often intended to encourage people to oppose a government, religion, etc.		Because of his subversive views the intelligence services had him under constant observation.	1613
to stamp out	To prevent something from spreading/increasing to stop; lessen.		In their pre-election manifestos, political parties often pledge to stamp out crime - but they never do.	1614
to pontificate	To give your opinion about something in a way that shows you think you are always right.		Politicians often seem to pontificate on matters they really don't know much about.	1615
selfgovernment / self-rule	government of a country by its own people, free from outside control or inflence; independence.	samorządność, niezawislość	During the partitions Poland fought for self-government.	1616
to incorporate	to combine into one body or uniform substance; to embody; to form into a society or organization.		This report incorporates all our thoughts on the subject.	1617
to incorporate	The committee incorporated the investigator's findings in its report.			1618
martial law	law temporarily imposed upon an area by state military forces, esp. when civil authority has broken down.	stan wojenny	The declaration of martial law came as a shock but the crisis had been brewing for many months.	1619
martial law	After the unsuccessful rebelion, the whole country was put under martial law.			1620
official airing	To make public		The Prime Minister has given official airing to his views on abortion	1621
moral crusade	Something people do because they feel it is the right thing to do. The people who do this are Moral Crusaders.		This international war against terrorism is something of a moral crusade.	1622
to reconnoitre	To try and find out the position and size of your enemy's army, for example by flying over land where they are.		Before launching their attack, the chiefs of staff ordered their forces to reconnoiter the terrain.	1623
to face the full might of sthg	To be confronted with the force of something's power/strength.		Because the Taliban are believed to have supported and helped Osama bin Laden, it is only natural that they can expect to face the full might of America's anger.	1624
legislative	of or pertaining to the enactment of laws.		You can read about the past week's legislative proceedings in the Congressional Report.	1625
puppet	a person, group, or government whose actions are prompted and controlled by others.	rząd marionetkowy	Puppet governments were popular in South America at the beginning of the 20th century.	1626
carte blanche	Complete freedom to do what you want.		His diplomatic immunity gave him virtual carte blanche to go where he wanted.	1627
to get down to the nitty gritty	The basic and practical facts of an activity or subject.		Before I can agree to lending you the money we need to get down to the nitty gritty and work out how much you really need to borrow.	1628
to be enfranchised	to be on the electoral roll; be given the right to vote in ections.	mieć prawo wyborcze	Poles are enfranchised at the age of 18.	1629
malevolent despotism	harmful tyrany.	wrogi despotyzm	The government broke off relations with the new regime, citing that there was no place in the modern world for malevolent despotism.	1630
suffragette	a woman advocating female suffrage, i.e. the right to vote.	sufrażystka	The suffragette movement started in America and Britain in the early 20th century.	1631
retaliation	a counter strike, reciprocation, retribution.	odwet	When one of their soldiers was killed, the occupation army retaliated by killing hostages.	1632
nationalists	devotion and loyalty to one's own nation, esp. excessive patriotism chauvinism.	nacjonaliści	Irish nationalists fight for their country's independence and recognition. Some say nationalism is the scourge of Europe.	1633
court martial	a military court of officers appointed to try people for offences against military law.	sąd wojenny	As a deserter, he faced a court martial.	1634
a vote of confidence	a formal declaration of support an expression of approval, agreement, or judgment, esp. of an authority in a position of powerful leadership.	wotum zaufania	It's quite probable there will be a vote of confidence concerning the future Minister of Justice.	1635
anthrax	an infectious disease of cattle, sheep, and other mammals caused by a bacterium.	wąglik	Anthrax is a means of biological warfare.	1636
anthrax	Anthrax results in dark boils that erupt on the skin of infected humans.			1637
pundit	a person who makes comments or judgments in an authoritative manner.		The pundit wrote a daily newspaper column on current affairs.	1638
graft	the acquisition of money or advantage by dishonest or unfair means, esp. through the abuse of one's position or influence, as in politics.		Though steps have been taken to abolish graft in the city government, the new administration will have its work cut out to weed out the rampant corruption seen in recent years.	1639
meritocracy	a social system which gives the highest positions to those with the most ability.	mertokracja	Some claim that meritocracy is the most desired social system.	1640
inauguration	to make a formal beginning of initiate; commence; begin. Also: to induct into office with formal ceremonies; install.		The end of World War II inaugurated the era of nuclear power. The city inaugurated the cleanair campaign with a bicycle parade. The United States inaugurates its President in January.	1641
apportionment	the distribution of members of a legislative body.		Apportionment determines the number of members of the U.S. House of Representatives according to the proportion of the population of each state to the total population of the US.	1642
to wage war on/against sth	to declare and carry on a war, battle, argument, etc.	wydać wojnę przeciwko	Martin Luther King waged war against racism in America.	1643
perfidious	Disloyal and untrustworthy treacherous.		One of the reasons for the KGB's success as an intelligence service was that it was able to appeal to the perfidious side of human nature.	1644
a vexed question/issue	A complicated problem that has caused a lot of arguments and is difficult to solve.		The IRA seems to be taking some steps towards resolving the vexed question of decommissioning.	1645
to dirty up	To give a bad impression of sb.		It's not difficult to dirty up someone's reputation.	1646
lobby	(both n. and v.) a group of persons who try to influence legislators or other public officials to vote or act in favor of a special interest. Also: to urge or procure the passage of (legislation) by lobbying.		The mothers' group has been lobbying for gun controls for years.	1647
equal rights amendment	(Abbr.: ERA) a proposed amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sex.		She has always been a pro-ERA lobbyist.	1648
raid	a sudden assault or attack, as upon something to be seized or suppressed: e.g. a police raid on a narcotics ring; a sudden attack on an enemy, as by air or by a small land force.	atak, nalot	In AD 844, the Normans began raids on the Spanish coast.	1649
pollster	a person whose occupation is the taking of public-opinion polls.		You can't always believe the pollsters.	1650
activism	the doctrine or practice of vigorous action or involvement as a means of achieving political or other goals, as by demonstrations, protests, etc.		Legitimate anti-globalization activism has been undermined by the presence of anarchists.	1651
caucus	a meeting of the members of a political party or special interest group to select candidates or convention delegates, determine policy.		The delegates held a caucus before the convention to elect a chairman.	1652
conflict of interest	the circumstance of a public officeholder, corporate officer, etc., whose personal interests might benefit from his or her official actions or influence.		The judge was admonished by the high court for possible conflict of interest	1653
constituency	a body of constituents; the voters or residents in a district represented by an elective officer, or the district itself.	elektorat, okręg wyborczy	I must protest the waste treatment plant the government plans to build in my constituency.	1654
cabinet	a council advising a sovereign or a chief executive; the group who manage a government.		The secretary of state is an important member of the federal cabinet.	1655
fiscal	of or pertaining to the public treasury or revenues: fiscal policies; or financial matters in general.		The job as treasurer entails fiscal responsibility.	1656
imbroglio	A difficult, embarrassing or confusing situation - especially in the field of politics.		The imbroglio over what to do with Afghanistan is still top of Mr. Blair's priorities.	1657
voter turnout	the number of people who go to vote.	frekwencja na głosowaniu	Voter turnout in Poland this year was very low, with very few people going to the polls	1658
incipient	beginning, in early stage.	w początkowym stadium	Gerald's illness was incipient, so there was lots of hope for a recuperation.	1659
incipient	ONEROUS			1660
incipient	burdensome, unpleasant.	uciążliwy	Most soldiers probably consider it an onerous duty to have to kill their enemy, but often it is a case of kill or be killed.	1661
snappy	brisk, or neat and elegant.	szybko albo: dobrze ubrany	You look very snappy today - why are you so well dressed up?	1662
disseminating	Scatter about, sow in various places (esp. fig. Of doctrines, sedition, disease, etc).	rozpowszechnianie	The Taleban in Afghanistan recently accused several Christians of disseminating	1663
soundbite	popular, catchy and pleasant sounding words that in fact convey very little substance, often used with reference to political speeches.		When the prime minister declared he wouldn't involve himself in any argy-bargy with the Argentineans it all sounded very nice, but what did he really mean it was pure sound bite, the sort of thing the public wanted to hear!	1664
downgraded	lowered in rank, etc.	2 o pogarszającej się jakości	The sergeant was informed that his actions were irresponsible and that he was going to be downgraded to the rank of corporal. (2) The quality of McDougal's flour has definitely been downgraded recently, don't you think?	1665
electorate	body of electors, those entitled to vote.	elektorat	The electorate of Poland has once again decided to choose a communist government.	1666
vicissitudes	Continuous changes and problems which affect someone's life ups and downs.		He would often sit and reflect on the vicissitudes of his life.	1667
whistleblower	Sb who makes secret information public.		David Shayler, the MI5 whistle-blower, is taking his case to the European Court of Human Rights.	1668
politicising	give political character to.	upolityczniać	I wish you'd stop politicizing about Gerald's birthday being a great moment for the state and just give him your best wishes	1669
politic	sagacious, prudent, judicious, expedient.	rozważnie	I think Anna's saying about Gerald's birthday being a great moment for the state was rather politic considering her own forthcoming candidacy to be elected to Gerald's party!	1670
electioneering	the busying of oneself in elections, trying to get elected.	agitacja wyborcza	When the prime minister announced that he was increasing pensions, some people accused him of already indulging in electioneering and not really being concerned about the plight of the elderly!	1671
wishywashy	Either weak or unclear ideas or a person whose ideas are thus.		The problem with the Liberal Democrats is that their policies are so wishy-washy.	1672
quango	a QUAsi- Non-Governmental Organization.		Some people say that the new committee set up to study government inefficiency will not really find anything wrong as it is just a quango and not really separate from the government!	1673
constituency	body of voters who elect a representative, area so represented.	okręg wyborczy	Most of the people in my constituency vote Tory, but I never will!	1674
ballot	secret voting, or (verb) process of voting in such a way.	tajne głosowanie	The union members were asked to vote in a ballot for a new leader.	1675
offset	counterbalance, compensating point.	równoważenie, kompensacja	The prime minister hoped that the increase in overall taxes would be offset for pensioners by an increase in their pensions so that they at least didn't suffer.	1676
entrenched	well defended, or set/fixed position.	utrwalony, zakorzeniony	Many people accuse the government of being entrenched in their taxation policy, refusing to listen to common sense!	1677
sanctimonious	Behaving in an annoying manner as if morally better than others		The most irritating thing about politicians is their sanctimonious preaching about family values.	1678
to follow suit	to do the same as (sb else).		The government having finally decided to cut taxes, the opposition has decided to follow suit and make it one of their policies as well.	1679
a dumbing down of sth	making sth as simplistic as possible.		Einstein's theory of relativity is very complex and needs dumbing down a little if the ordinary public is to understand it.	1680
spin doctors	political speech makers, practiced in the art of oratory.		Some accuse the Labor party of having lots of spin doctors, practiced in the art of making clever sounding speeches.	1681
to pander to	to minister to (often base passion or evil designs).		I think the Conservative party often panders to the baser desires of the public.	1682
a landslide majority	an outright/vast majority, .		In the last two elections, though particularly the last one, the Labor party has achieved a landslide majority.	1683
first past the post system	system by which the first party to get a majority of votes, no matter how many, in whatever constituency, wins that constituency and has its m.p. represent that area			1684
first past the post system	the opposite to proportional representation - where the number of votes each candidate receives may determine how politicians each party gets into parliament...			1685
hobbyhorse	topic to which one often recurs, is obsessed by.		The lowering of taxes is a subject which the present treasurer seems to treat as his own personal hobbyhorse, almost ignoring all other aspects of the economy.	1686
horse trading	the pragmatic trading of favors...		Listen, sunshine, lets have less horse trading and more principled actions based on loyalty, okay?	1687
to curry favour with	to seek sb's approval in a, usually, sycophantic way.		It's no use trying to curry favor with me by offering to do the dishes, you can't go out and that is that!	1688
platform	the ideas and aims of a political party especially as expressed before an election,	platforma wyborcza	What will be the main plank in your party's platform? This party came to power on a platform of economic reform.	1689
ballot	a sheet of paper used to make a secret vote,	głos	When someone votes on members of only one party it is called a straight ballot.	1690
vet	to check sb's past activities to make sure that they are suitable for a (esp. governmental) job,	lustrować	All politicians should be well vetted.	1691
cabinet	group of ministers or secretaries who directly meet with the president or prime minister,	prezydium rządu	Bush tried to make his cabinet as multi-cultural as possible to make democrats happy.	1692
centrist	having nonextreme political views,	centrowy	He was a centrist politician.	1693
coup	sudden violent change of government,	zamach stanu	Colombia has a coup every 2 months.	1694
vote of confidence	formal vote showing how much a party supports its leader,	wotum nieufności	Kwasniewski won a vote of confidence.	1695
audit bureau	institution that makes official examinations of tax issues,	izba kontroli	The IRS is the major audit bureau in the US.	1696
extradite	officially send someone back to their own country to stand trial,	ekstradować	He was extradited back to Uruguay.	1697
devolution	transfer of power from central to local government,	przekazanie władzy	Northern Ireland is in the middle of a devolution process.	1698
electoral roll	list of voters in an area,	lista wyborcza	Are you on the electoral roll for Wielkopolska?	1699
to pour scorn on sthg	To show dislike or disapproval for something you believe to be stupid, unreasonable, oldfashioned or not as good as something else.		The journalist Jeremy Paxman often pours scorn on what politicians say.	1700
faction	organized group within a larger group, who may disagree with the rest on some issues,	frakcja	The rival factions couldn't agree on anything, so the party dissolved.	1701
reactionary	not revolutionary, preferring things as they are,	reakcyjny	Reactionary politicians are trying to wreck the social reform.	1702
skirmish	short argument,	sprzeczka	The labor party and the Tories had a bit of a skirmish.	1703
cant	insincere talk, esp. hypocritical,	hipokryzja	I can't stand listening to that preacher's cant.	1704
to depose	To remove a king, queen or ruler from power		We have no intention of deposing any democratically elected government or leader.	1705
heresy	a belief, statement, etc which disagrees with what a group of people believe to be right.		In Britain during the 1980s it was economic heresy to challenge monetarist theory.	1706
nihilistic	the belief that no political or social institutions have any meaning or value.		If anything is holding Poland back it is the unhealthy, nihilistic attitude of the public.	1707
platform	the ideas and aims of a political party especially as expressed before an election,	platforma wyborcza	What will be the main plank in your party's platform? This party came to power on a platform of economic reform.	2395
ballot	a sheet of paper used to make a secret vote,	głos	When someone votes on members of only one party it is called a straight ballot.	2396
vet	to check sb's past activities to make sure that they are suitable for a (esp. governmental) job,	lustrować	All politicians should be well vetted.	2397
cabinet	group of ministers or secretaries who directly meet with the president or prime minister,	prezydium rządu	Bush tried to make his cabinet as multi-cultural as possible to make democrats happy.	2398
constituency	area of a state, county, city, country, etc. from which a politician is chosen to represent it in government,	okręg wyborczy	The country is divided into 23 constituencies.	2399
centrist	having nonextreme political views,	centrowy	He was a centrist politician.	2400
coup	sudden violent change of government,	zamach stanu	Colombia has a coup every 2 months.	2401
vote of confidence	formal vote showing how much a party supports its leader,	wotum zaufania	Kwasniewski won a vote of confidence.	2402
audit bureau	institution that makes official examinations of tax issues,	izba kontroli	The IRS is the major audit bureau in the US.	2403
extradite	officially send someone back to their own country to stand trial,	ekstradować	He was extradited back to Uruguay.	2404
devolution	transfer of power from central to local government,	przekazanie władzy	Northern Ireland is in the middle of a devolution process.	2405
electoral roll	list of voters in an area,	lista wyborcza	Are you on the electoral roll for Wielkopolska?	2406
to pour scorn on sth	to show dislike or disapproval for something you believe to be stupid, unreasonable, oldfashioned or not as good as something else.		The journalist Jeremy Paxman often pours scorn on what politicians say.	2407
faction	organized group within a larger group, who may disagree with the rest on some issues,	frakcja	The rival factions couldn't agree on anything, so the party dissolved.	2408
reactionary	not revolutionary, preferring things as they are,	reakcyjny	Reactionary politicians are trying to wreck the social reform.	2409
skirmish	short argument,	sprzeczka	The labor party and the Tories had a bit of a skirmish.	2410
cant	insincere talk, esp. hypocritical,	hipokryzja	I can't stand listening to that preacher's cant.	2411
constituency	any of the areas of a country that elect a representative to a parliament		I must protest at the sitting of a new missile base in my constituency.	2412
landslide	a very large, often unexpected, success in an election		The Labour Party had a landslide victory at the last election.	2413
incumbent	the holder of an official position, especially a political one		As the incumbent, you have a better chance of being re-elected.	2414
bipartisan	of or representing two political parties		The new law has bipartisan support.	2415
convene	to meet, come together, especially for a formal meeting		The President's foreign policy advisers convened for an emergency session.	2416
signatory	any of the signers of an agreement, especially among nations		Most western nations are signatories of this treaty.	2417
address	to direct speech or writing to		In his weekly radio broadcast the president addresses the nation.	2418
plank	any of the main principles of a political party's stated set of aims;			2419
platform	the main ideas and aims of a political party, especially as stated before an election		What will be the main plank in your party's platform?	2420
envoy	a person who is sent as a representative, especially by one government to do business with another government		A special envoy was sent to try to secure the release of the hostages.	2421
ceasefire	an agreement to stop fighting for a certain period		The two sides are now negotiating a ceasefire.	2422
skulduggery	secretly dishonest or unfair action		Some skulduggery no doubt went on during the election.	2423
clout	influence, especially political		Its massive export earnings give the company a lot of clout with the government.	2424
vehement	forceful		She made a vehement attack on the government's policies.	2425
civil disobedience	a non-violent way of forcing the government to change its position by refusing to pay taxes, obey laws etc.		Mahatma Ghandi is perhaps the most famous, as well as the most successful, proponent of civil disobedience.	2426
casting vote	a deciding vote, usually belonging to the person in charge of a meeting, committee, etc.		In the U.S. Senate, which has a hundred members, the Vice President has the casting vote in the event of a 50/50 split.	2427
ballot	a sheet of paper used to make a secret vote		They are counting the ballots now.	2428
polling station	a building or other place where people go to vote at an election		Our local library is used as a polling station during elections.	2429
endorse	to express approval or support of		When the former President endorsed her candidacy, she knew she had a good chance of being elected.	2430
resolve	(of a committee or public body) to make a formal decision or statement		The Senate resolved, by 70 votes to 30, to accept the President's budget proposals.	2431
canvass	to try to find out opinions or win political support by going from place to place in an area and talking to people		The party claims to have canvassed over 70% of the votes.	2432
champion	to fight for, support strongly		He has championed numerous causes connected with civil liberties.	2433
jingoistic	expressing, esp. threateningly, the belief that one's country is better than others		Personally, I am fed up with the jingoistic sentiments constantly emanating from the U.S., that it is the home of democracy and the best country in the world.	2434
militant	(of a person or a political group) ready to fight or use force		After the assassination of Martin Luther King, black leaders became more militant.	2435
meritocracy	a society in which people get status or rewards on the basis of their achievements rather			2436
meritocracy	than on the basis of the social status, wealth or sex.			2437
egalitarian	that which stresses the importance of equality amongst citizens.		Marxism is egalitarian by its very nature.	2438
liberalism	the belief that people should have the maximum of political and individual freedom.		Liberalism has at its core a belief in the primacy of property rights.	2439
libertarianism	the view that there should be an absolute minimum of state involvement in peoples' lives.		Libertarianism holds that there should be no social welfare system.	2440
apologist	somebody who writes or speaks in defense of a belief or cause		C.S LEWIS is a famous Christian apologist.	2441
apolitical	somebody who is not interested in politics.		As an artist you cannot be apolitical.	2442
autocrat	somebody in authority who has complete power.			2443
autonomy	The ability to make your own decisions, self- determination.		Many Tibetans are seeking greater autonomy from China.	2444
avarice	extreme greed.		Avarice and capitalism go hand in hand.	2445
geopolitics	politics on a world wide scale		The shape of geopolitics as decisively been altered by the Internet.	2446
enfranchise	to give the right to vote in elections		The company voted to enfranchise its women members.	2447
judiciary	the branch of authority in a country which is concerned with justice and the legal system.		An independent judiciary is necessary if democracy is to flourish.	2448
interdiction	the official banning of something		The government announced the interdiction of all pornographic materials.	2449
prejudge	to form an opinion without full knowledge of the facts			2450
litigate	to take legal action		If we have to litigate we will.	2451
imperialism	a system in which a rich and powerful country controls other countries.		The first world war marked the beginning of the end of British imperialism.	2452
endorse	to say publicly that that you support or approve of somebody or something.		Business leaders endorsed the governments budget.	2453
vitriolic	that which is full of hatred or bitterness		The minister described the reports as vitriolic and without foundation.	2454
standing	reputation or popularity		The President's standing has improved since the last opinion poll.	2455

Relationships

twotime (sb)	to deceive, to be unfaithful to one's partner	zdradzać	Mary's afraid her boyfriend is two-timing her.	298
score	slang term for sexual activity, or for succeeding to attract a partner	uprawiać seks, zaliczyć	Did you score on Saturday? Yeah, I always pick someone up on Saturdays!	299
commonlaw husband/wife	person living with his/her partner for a long time but not married to him/her	konkubina, konkubent	In many countries common-law wives have the same rights as official ones.	300
fornicate	(with sb) to have sexual intercourse with a person one is not married to.	cudzołożyć	He denied fornicating with his wife's best friend.	301
matrimony	state of being married	małżeństwo	Matrimony has completely changed his attitude towards life.	302
infertile	not able to have children	bezpłodny	They decided to adopt a child, when it occurred that Kevin is infertile.	303
chat sb up	to talk to sb because you're sexually attracted to her/him	podrywać, zalecać się	Look! That guy's chatting up your girlfriend.	304
to make passes at sb	to try insistently to pick sb up		The drunk kept on making passes at her.	305
hereditary	passed on from parent to child	dziedziczny	Do you think intelligence is hereditary?	306
sexual harassment	to pay sb unwanted sexual attention	molestowanie seksulane	She accused her boss of sexual harassment	307
hit it off	to immediately have a good relationship with sb when you meet them for the first time	przypaść sobie do gustu	I knew you and Mike would hit it off straight away.	308
relate to	to be able to have a good relationship because you understand how sb feels and thinks	wczuwać się	Many parents find it difficult to relate to their teenage children.	309
rapport	(with) a good relationship between people who understand and agree with each others' opinions and ideas	bliski kontakt	You are lucky to have such a good rapport with your boss.	310
affinity	feeling of liking and understanding sb because you have the same interests or beliefs as them	podobieństwo, pokrewieństwo	She felt a natural affinity with these people	311
ties	a strong relationship between two people, countries, organisationz etc.; especially when they have responsibilities towards each other	więzi	We can't sign a contract with them - we already have other ties. The country wants its independence and intends to loosen its ties with Britain.	312
descendant	a person's descendants are their children, their children's children and so on	potomek	Many of them are descendants of the original settlers.	313
alien	a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they live or work	cudzoziemiec	Britain is having difficulty dealing with a flood of illegal aliens.	314
in loco parentis (adv.)	having the same responsibility for a child as a parent has		The court appointed him John's father in loco parentis.	315
foster parents/family/home	a family etc. in which sb takes another person's child into their home for a period of time, without becoming his/her legal parent	przybrani rodzice/rodzina/dom	The Joneses were Patrick's foster family.	316
turn sb down	to reject sb's proposal	odmówić, odrzucić propozycję	He asked her to marry him but she turned him down.	317
nearest and dearest	the person or people from your immediate family or friends	krewni i przyjaciele	Paul's nearest and dearest were at his birthday party.	318
nuclear family	a household consisting of a mother, father and children (no other combinations allowed)	najbliższa rodzina	Not everybody nowadays lives in a conventional nuclear family.	319
contemporaries	people who are alive at the same time or attend the same institution at the same time	współcześni, żyjący w tych samych czasach	He was a contemporary of Freud and may have known him.	320
keep yourself aloof	to show no interest in people	zachowywać się z rezerwą, trzymać się z daleka	The Emperor kept himself aloof from the people.	321
next of kin	your closest living relative	najbliższa rodzina	The form must be signed by your next of kin.	322
confirmed bachelor	a man who is not likely to get married	zatwardziały kawaler	Tom was 54 and not married which meant he was a confirmed bachelor.	323
forebear	a person in your family who lived long ago	przodek	His forebears had come to America from Ireland.	324
splice a gene	to modify a gene	modyfikować geny	They spliced a gene to improve it.	325
contraception	the use of any of the various methods which are intended to prevent a woman from becoming pregnant	antykoncepcja	This is the most reliable method of contraception.	326
sex change (operation)	an operation which, together with hormone treatment, gives a man many of the characteristics of woman or a woman many of the characteristics of man	operacja zmiany płci	After his sex change, Gerald became Geraldine.	327
std (sexually transmitted disease)	one which people become infected with during sexual activity	choroba przenoszona drogą płciową	AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease.	328
premarital	before marriage	przedmałżeński	Attitudes to premarital sex vary greatly.	329
to elope	to run away with somebody in order to marry him secretly	uciekać z domu (z kimś)	Many young people elope because their parents wouldn't let them get married.	330
emotive	of or tending to excite emotion.	wyzwalający emocje	Abortion has always been an emotive issue.	915
hankypanky	(often sexual) misbehaviour! ;		Here, what are you two up to? We won't have any hanky-panky in here if you don't mind - this is a public place!	916
adulterous	(guilty) of adultery.	cudzołożnik	Married people who are adulterous in some Islamic countries may face being stoned to death	917
adulterated	polluted, esp relating to food.	dot. żywności zatrutej środkami takimi jak pestycydy, itp.)	Many of the farmer's apples had to be thrown away as they had been adulterated by the pesticides he had used.	918
impassioned	deeply moved, ardent.	poruszający	Although guilty of the most horrendous crime, the defendant made an impassioned plea for clemency.	919
femme fatale	dangerously attractive woman. ;		Many a married man has fallen prey to some femme fatale or another.	920
drop dead gorgeous	very attractive (man)!	męska piękność	Sheila expressed the view that Jim was drop dead gorgeous - she had never seen anyone so attractive before!	921
shapely	well formed or proportioned.	kształtny	I think Anna has a very shapely figure, don't you?	922
dishy	very attractive.	pięknotka	Yes, I think Anna is very dishy - she should enter a beauty contest!	923
alluring	enticing, tempting.	ponętny	The cream cake on the table looked very alluring, but Anna decided she must resist the temptation to eat it!	924
floozy	girl or woman, esp disreputable one!	o kobiecie ze złą reputacją	Sheila? You're not bringing that floozy in here - she has been divorced three times!	925
lady of the night	euphemism for a prostitute! ;		I wonder if Gerald realises that that girl he's speaking to is a lady of the night - and that she might charge him for her company?	926
streetwalker	prostitute.			927
call girl	prostitute.			928
knocking shop	brothel.	burdel, dom publiczny	There are so many men going in out of next door all night that I'm beginning to wonder if it isn't a knocking shop?	929
on the game	acting as a prostitute, involved in prostitution.	być zaangażowanym w prostytucję	I don't think there's any excuse for women going on the game as a way of making money! What do you think?	930
fickle	inconstant, changeable.	kapryśny, zmienny	Sheila never went out very long with anyone - she was always rather fickle.	931
perfidious	unfaithful.	niewierny)	The perfidious nature of Sheila meant she was married six times!	932
tried and true	reliable, faithful, trustworthy.	niezawodny, wiarygodny)	You can rely on Bob - he's tried and true.	933
dependable	capable of being relied on.	niezawodny)	You mean, Bob's a dependable sort of person - the type you can rely on?	934
dependant	one who depends on another for support.	zależny)	Indeed, Bob has two children who are dependant on him for support.	935
disrobe	to undress.	rozebrać się)	Okay, if you'd just like to disrobe behind that screen the doctor will examine you in a moment!	936
denude	to make nude or bare.	ogołocić, rozebrać)	Many hillsides in this region become completely denuded once the biggest trees are removed.	937
delude	fool, deceive.	zwodzić, wprowadzać w błąd)	You're deluding yourself if you think I'm going to loan you a small fortune to waste on gambling!	938
demimonde	women of doubtful repute in society; group behaving with doubtful legality.	o złej reputacji)	The suffragettes were probably considered something of a demi-monde when they first appeared in British society.	939
triplets	three babies born at the same time by one woman			940
quads	four babies born at the same time by one woman			941
to foster	to take sb else's child into your family for a period of time, but without becoming their legal parent. ;		They fostered a little Romanian boy for several months	942
a registry wedding	an official ceremony of getting married in the presence of a state officer			943
unfaithfulness	the fact of betraying the loved partner			944
an out of wedlock child	a child conceived outside the marriage			945
the right to child guardianship	the right to take care of the child			946
to illtreat	(a child) to treat badly. ;		The Browns are devoid of the right to child guardianship as a result of ill-treatment of their little Tommy.	947
to be strict with children	to give children little freedom and many rules to obey			948
to be lenient with children	to give children much freedom and few rules to obey			949
they hit it off from the beginning	When they met, they liked each other.			950
he asked her out	He invited her for dinner.			951
they made out	They did a lot of kissing.			952
they started going out	They began to see each other regularly.			953
they were really into each other	They spent a lot of time together, they enjoyed talking, going to movies, etc.;			954
she broke up with him	She ended the relationship.			955
he is still getting over her	He is really sad about the break-up.			956
he tried to hit on her	He tried to attract her attention.			957
she shot him down	She refused to make a closer relationship.			958
he can't get over it	he cannot recover form the upsetting experience.			959
adultery	sex between a married man or woman and somebody who is not his or her spouse;		Adultery is what caused my sister to leave her husband.	960
betterhalf	a nice way of calling somebody's partner;		I rely on my better-half to make dinner reservations.	961
bigamy	the crime of marrying somebody while already being legally married;		She admitted to committing bigamy after 5 years of marriage.	962
bridesmaid	a woman who during the marriage ceremony helps the woman that is getting married;		The bridesmaids were beautifully dressed.	963
groomsman	a man who during the marriage ceremony helps the man that getting married		All the groomsmen forgot their shoes at the hotel.	964
confirmed bachelor	a man who is certain of his status of being single;		My brother is 48, never been married and a confirmed bachelor.	965
infidelity	having sex with someone who is not your husband, wife, or normal sexual partner;		She could not forgive him for his infidelity.	966
intermarriage	a marriage of people who are from different social groups, races or religions, or are from the same family;		Have ethnic tensions been eased by intermarriage?	967
marriage of convenience	a marriage not based on love but on the advantages one or both partners may gain from it;		She got her green card through her marriage of convenience to Jim.	968
marriage counseling	advice or help given to married couples who are having problems with their marriages		Marriage counseling is a worthwhile investment if you really love your partner.	969
matchmaker	a person who specializes in bringing people together for the purposes of love and marriage;		I wish aunt Betty would stop being such a matchmaker.	970
matrimony	the state of being married		May you spend many years in happy matrimony.	971
suitor	a man who wants to marry a particular woman;		My sister has so many suitors that she doesn't know which one to choose.	972
wedlock	the state of being married;		Many more children are born out of wedlock today than 50 years ago.	973
to marry into money	to marry somebody who has a lot of money;		If you hadn't married into money, you'd be washing dishes right now in some cheap restaurant.	974
attractant	substance designed to attract sb or sth.	wabik	Various attractants are put into perfumes and aftershaves to "attract" the	1708
attractant	opposite sex!			1709
putative	reputed, supposed.	przypuszczalny	Our study is the first to show the putative effect of pheromones on the human brain, said Dr Jones.	1710
olfactory	relating to the sense of smell.	określenie odnoszące się do zmysłu węchu	Although relating to one's sense of smell, one's olfactory sense is also very important when it comes to tasting food which is tasteless without it.	1711
gimmick	tricky device, esp. to attract attention or publicity.	sztuczka	I think our competitor's offer of a free pen with every contract signed is just a gimmick.	1712
to entice	to lure, persuade by offer of pleasure, etc!	zwabić	You mean, they are just trying to entice people into their shops with a cheap trick?	1713
bonkers	crazy!	szalony	If you think I'm going to climb to the top of that tree to rescue your cat, you must be bonkers!	1714
to trigger sth	to cause to happen.	wywołać , sprowokować	The fire in the factory triggered an enormous explosion	1715
cravings	strong desires.	ochota, pragnienie	Women who are pregnant often have cravings for unusual foods.	1716
to shed weight	to lose weight.	tracić wagę	Many people who are overweight try to shed weight by going on crash diets.	1717
pungent	biting, caustic, esp. affecting organs of smell or taste.	ostry, gryzący	I think you've used too much paprika in this goulash - it's a bit pungent	1718
whiff	puff of air or smoke or odor or (fig.) scandal.	zapach	After the president admitted his son was having an affair with a married woman there was definitely a whiff of scandal in the air whenever family morals were thereafter mentioned.	1719
to gee up	to encourage to go faster.	zachęta do przyspieszenia kogoś, czegoś	The government's tax cuts were intended to gee up the public's spending and help the economy recover.	1720
to induce	to bring about, to cause to happen.	nakłaniać	The management tried to induce greater loyalty in their staff by offering them a huge pay rise	1721
malodorous	evil smelling.	cuchnący	The smell coming from the drains was quite malodorous - they definitely needed cleaning!	1722
noisome	noxious, disgusting esp. to smell.	cuchnący	The smell from the sewers was rather noisome also.	1723
b.o.	body odor.	zapach ciała /potu	Nobody wanted to tell Gerald that he had a problem with b.o.!	1724
redolent	fragrant, having strong smell, strongly suggestive or reminiscent of.	przywodzący na myśl	The smell of the perfume was redolent of poppies on a summer day.	1725
to raise a stink about sth	to complain loudly, normally in the hope that sb will pay attention to what you're saying and do sth to improve matters. (Colloquial)		There's no need to raise such a stink about the window my son broke - I will pay for it, I promise!	1726
to come up smelling of roses	to escape from a bad situation, often in a fortuitous way.		It's a good job you didn't leave early too as you were intending to do, otherwise the boss might have sacked you as well - instead of which he's now giving you a pay rise! Do you always come up smelling of roses?	1727
to turn one's nose up at sth	to show that you consider sth is not good enough for you.		When the boss offered him a ten per cent pay rise, he turned his nose up at it, saying that he thought his invention was worth at least a share in the ownership of the company!	1728
to get up sb's nose	to irritate sb!		I don't like Matthew, he gets right up my nose	1729
to smell a rat	to be suspicious, suspect sth is wrong.		I think the enemy has laid a trap for us - I smell a rat!	1730
laid back	relaxed, with an easygoing manner (see below).	lekkoduszny	Alan has a very laid back attitude towards his work and doesn't take it too seriously.	1731
happygo-lucky	taking things cheerfully, as they happen.	niefrasobliwy	Brian has a happy-go-lucky personality - nothing seems to bother him.	1732
easygoing	not strict, taking things as they are.	spokojny, opanowany	I think, ultimately, strict teachers are better than easygoing ones.	1733
carefree	free from anxiety or responsibility.	opanowany	Robert is a carefree sort of person and never worries about anything.	1734
careless	thoughtless, negligent.	beztroski	John is very careless - he's always knocking things over.	1735
uptight	tense, nervous.	spięty	You seem rather uptight today -what's worrying you?	1736
ulcerative	causing ulcers.	będący przyczyną wystąpienia wrzodów	Worrying too much can be ulcerative - you may have to see a doctor to get your ulcers treated.	1737
control freak	sb with an obsessive desire/need to be in control.	osoba opanowana chęcią rządzenia	Workaholics are often control freaks - they must be in charge of everything.	1738
weary	tired.	znużony	After their long march, the troops were feeling rather weary.	1739
acclimatised	habituated to new climate or situations.	zaaklimatyzowany	When playing at high altitudes, teams need time to become acclimatized to the different conditions.	1740
diligent	industrious, hard working.	pilny	Most employers prefer diligent workers to lazy ones!	1741
conscious	knowing, aware, awake.	świadomy, przytomny	Sorry, I wasn't conscious of the fact that that was your cup of tea - can I make you another one?	1742
conscientious	scrupulous, obedient to conscience.	sumienny	Being a conscientious person and despite Robert's acceptance of his apology, Gerald still felt pangs of conscience about drinking Robert's tea	1743
slumped	to lay prostrate (e.g. on the sofa), or simply to fall rapidly (usually, financially, in value).	opaść	After a busy day at work there's nothing I like more than to lay slumped on the sofa!	1744
wacky	crazy.	szalony	Alien beings living on the moon - what a wacky idea!	1745
geared to	suited for the purpose of/specially designed for.	być nastawionym na coś	This vocabulary list is geared to increasing your range of vocabulary.	1746
to sulk	to be silent, inactive, unsociable - esp. after an argument.	dąsać się	I think Jane's sulking after our argument - she's stopped talking to me.	1747
a doddle	easy.	łatwizna	This test is a doddle - everyone should pass it.	1748
lollop	to move in a lounging/ungainly way.		The giraffe lolloped its way over to the tree opposite.	1749
farfetched	unlikely, unrealistic, unbelievable (usually relating to a story or idea).	mało prawdopodobny	I think Gerald's excuse for being late is a little far-fetched - I don't believe a spaceship landed in his back garden at all!	1750
disconcerted	worried.	zaniepokojony	Don't worry - there's no need to be disconcerted - Gerald has now been put on medication!	1751
sophistry	The clever use of reasons or explanations that seem correct but are really false, in order to deceive people.		A cynic would argue that what the government says is pure sophistry.	1752
steadfast	Very faithful		It was because of his steadfast loyalty that he was offered a knighthood.	1753
stressed out	in a state of being heavily stressed.	zestresowany	Our therapy is specially designed to help stressed out businessmen relax.	1754
hollering	shouting.	wrzeszczeć	I wish you'd stop hollering at me - I'm not deaf!	1755
insatiable	Wanting more and more of something not being able to get enough to satisfy one's needs.		It seems to be a common truth that people have an insatiable appetite for gossip.	1756
to poohpooh sth	To dismiss sth		He pooh-poohed the idea of giving money to the poor	1757
to swallow sth hook, line and sinker	to be utterly duped into believing sth untrue.		The public swallowed the con man's story hook, line and sinker.	1758
to be economical with the truth	to not tell the whole truth/to be sparing with the truth.		I don't think Gerald was lying - just being economical with the truth!	1759
to lay it on thick with a trowel	to grossly exaggerate sth.		Talk about laying it on thick with a trowel - I've never heard anyone exaggerate so much before!	1760
a shaggy dog story	an unlikely tale!		I think Gerald's story about his grandmother living to a hundred and forty is a bit of a shaggy dog story.	1761
to be taken in by sb	to be duped into believing sb who is lying or joking.		I must admit I too was taken in by the con man's story - but I won't be fooled so easily again.	1762
to cavil	to take exception, carp, find fault.		Gerald is such a perfectionist - he cavils at everything.	1763
to dupe sb	to cheat, make a fool of sb.		The con man tried to dupe me into buying sth, but I wasn't going to be cheated.	1764
to come clean	to own up, confess (usually to a crime or other misdemeanor).		Okay, I admit it - I broke the vase. Now I've come clean, will you forgive me?	1765
to prevaricate	speak or act evasively or misleadingly.		Hey, stop prevaricating and get on with telling the truth.	1766
au fait	Being familiar with something		Magda is very au fait with the works of Wordsworth.	1767
to scrimp and save	To try and save as much money as possible even though you don't have very much.		We had to really scrimp and save to pay for our daughter's birthday present.	1768
foible	A strange or silly feature of one's character.		We all have our little foibles.	1769
shirty	Badtempered, angry and rude.		When I asked about his marriage he became very shirty	1770
wooly	Not showing clear thinking hence wooly-minded		His argument was wooly to say the least. Professor Jones is such a woolyminded old fool.	1771
soporific	Sleep inducing.		Sunday afternoons in front of the TV can be quite soporific.	1772
to cramp sb's style	To prevent sb from doing something they want to do by going with them when they do not want you to.		Peter told Paul to stay by the bar because he didn't want him cramping his style on the dance floor.	1773
procure	To obtain something.		Somehow he managed to procure us an invitation to the ambassador's party.	1774
to ensnare	To force or trick sb into doing sth they don't want to do.		She used her body to ensnare him into a loveless marriage so that she could have all his money.	1775
glitterati	Rich, famous and fashionable people.		The tabloid press love to print stories about the glitterati.	1776
precipitate	To make something happen before it should.		His argument with his boss precipitated his early retirement.	1777
coquettish	Flirtatious		One day Susan's coquettish behavior is going to get her into trouble.	1778
up the duff	Pregnant		She didn't tell her parents she was up the duff in case they got angry.	1779
up the spout	If something is broken or can't be used anymore it is up the spout.		We were supposed to go to Frank's tonight and watch some videos but his TV has broken so our plans are completely up the spout.	1780
elan	A style that is full of energy and determination.		His lecture was performed with great élan.	1781
thingamajig/thingy	Used when you don't know or can't remember the name of the person or thing you want to mention.		Have you got the thingamajig for opening the wine? Is thingy coming to the party you know, the girl with the red hair?	1782
dogged	Determined.		I really admire Monika's dogged approach to her work.	1783
dalliance	To have a short, nonserious romantic relationship.		He once had a dalliance with the waitress in Harry's Bar.	1784
to be in the family way	to be pregnant.	być w ciąży	Don't know if there's any truth to this rumor but it seems Suzy may be in the family way.	1785
to be born out of wedlock	a 'bastard' child born to an unmarried mother is said to have been born out of wedlock,	być nieślubnym dzieckiem	Tom Jones was born out of wedlock. Thanks to welfare, half of all Scandinavian babies are now born out of wedlock.	1786
old flame	a person one has had a romantic relationship with in the past.	była dawna sympatia	I bumped into an old flame of yours in Warsaw last Saturday.	1787
Word	Definition	Translation	Example	nr
concubine	a woman who is not legally a wife but cohabits with a man and has a recognized position in his household albeit usu. of lower social status).	konkubina	After Dziadek's death, the authorities tried to deny Babcia's pension since their marriage took place during German occupation and had somehow never been certified by Polish officials. If you can believe it, they even had the nerve to suggest she'd been	1788
prince charming	the ideal man; a woman's knight in shining armor, i.e. Mr. Right.	książę z bajki	How much time have you wasted sitting by the phone waiting for Prince Charming to call?	1789
agony aunt	an advice columnist (such as Dear Abby or Ann Landers) replying to letters about people's personal problems.	napisz do Kasi	Some people say if you have got personal problems you should write to an agony aunt.	1790
next of kin	the closest family and relatives.	najbliższa rodzina	We'll have to notify the next of kin of his death.	1791
grass widow	a woman who spends a lot of time apart from her husband, often because he is working in another place.	słomiana wdowa	Now that Steve spends the work week in Boston his wife has become a grass widow.	1792
unrequited love	romantic love one feels for another yet enjoys no reciprocation.	nieodwzajemniona miłość	His unrequited love compelled him to scribble reams of rather gushy poetry.	1793
to keep up appearances	continue to behave as though you are happy, have plenty of money, etc. even you no longer have or are.	utrzymywać pozory	They only stayed together in order to keep up appearances of being a happy family.	1794
sugar daddy	a wealthy older man who is generous to a younger woman (usu. in return for carnal knowledge).	podtatusiały lowelas	Robert's so much older and has so much more money than his latest girlfriend that some people are starting to say he is her sugar daddy.	1795
nearest and dearest	one's closest family and relatives.	najbliższa rodzina	The wedding was an intimate affair; only their nearest and dearest were invited.	1796
liaison	can be used euphemistically with ref. to a sexual relationship between a man and a woman who are not married to each other.	romans, stosunek miłosny	His wife left him after she found out about his liaison.	1797
henpecked husband	a man who is henpecked is always being told what to do by his nagging, shrewish wife and is afraid to disagree with her.	pantoflarz	Those who weren't laughing at him pitied him for being such a henpecked husband.	1798
yonks	A long period of time		It's been yonks since I last saw him.	1799
to nit pick	Annoying habit of arguing about unimportant details.		This might seem like I'm nit picking but in the future could you please hand your papers in with the paperclips in the top right-hand corner and not the top left. Thank you.	1800
yucky	Unpleasant		Everyone agreed that the cake Sarah had baked was delicious, except for Mark who thought it was yucky.	1801
yummy	Delicious		Everyone agreed that the cake Sarah had baked was yummy.	1802
imbue	To make someone feel an emotion very strongly.		France is a country whose people are imbued with a deep sense of national identity.	1803
hunkydory	A situation where everyone feels happy and there aren't any problems.		At first the new teachers felt lost and confused but after a couple of weeks everything was hunky dory.	1804
lewd	Using rude words or movements that make you think of sex.		They were all rather surprised by the Professor's lewd after-dinner speech.	1805
to belittle	To make something or someone seem unimportant.		We must not belittle the work of synchronic analysis.	1806
homily	Advice about how to do something which is often unwanted.		Whenever I visit my grandmother she gives me a homily about cooking.	1807
nightcap	An alcoholic drink you have before going to bed.		Even though they had an early start in the morning, Jim and John decided to have a quick nightcap.	1808
to berate	To tell someone off		My girlfriend berated me for staying out so late.	1809
rumpy pumpy	Humorous expression for sex.		Whenever I get drunk I feel inclined towards a spot of rumpy pumpy.	1810
salacious	Expressing too much sexual detail about something.		Although we all deny it we all enjoy the salacious gossip connected with celebrities.	1811
a shotgun wedding	marriage vows exchanged under duress as a result of an unplanned pregnancy.	błyskawiczne małżeństwo / ślub z konieczności	Radek and Ula had a shotgun wedding in May and little Bartek was born in September.	1812
to place strains on marital fidelity	to put marital faithfulness in jeopardy.	nadszarpywać , nadwyrężać małżeńską wierność	Today's mobile society places strains on marital fidelity.	1813
prodigal son	a young man in a Biblical parable who leaves home and squanders his time and money but then feels sorry and returns home to be feted despite his wastefulness.	syn marnotrawny	I've always been the black sheep in the family. You know, the typical prodigal son type thing.	1814
a reception	a large formal party to celebrate an event or to welcome someone.	przyjęcie np. weselne	There must have been over 150 guests at their wedding reception.	1815
the apple of sb's eye	the person sb loves most and is very proud of.	oczko w głowie	Betty has always been the apple of her daddy's eye.	1816
to be tied to one's mother's apron strings	to be totally dependent on one's parents.	trzymac się maminej spódnicy	He seemed to be independent but it turned out that he was tied to his mother's apron strings.	1817
to lose one's heart	(TO) to fall in love with.	zakochać się w kimś	He took one look at her and lost his heart. She lost her heart to a soldier.	1818
brothers in arms	soldiers serving together (usu. in war, and esp. allies from different nations).	towarzysze broni	The dedicated in his memoirs read: "To my brothers in arms."	1819
cornerstone	sth of the utmost importance because everything else depends on it.	podwalina np. małżeństwa	Trust and commitment are the cornerstones of any marriage.	1820
to have the mother of all arguments	to argue severely, i.e. loudly and long.	ogromna kłótnia	I didn't sleep a wink last night. Our neighbors were having the mother of all arguments.	1821
newlyweds	a man and woman who have recently been married.	młodzi małżonkowie	The outlook for newlyweds in the 1990s was bleaker than ever.	1822
shower	a party at which presents are given to a woman who is about to get married or have a baby.	wieczór panieński	We're throwing a bridal shower for Sherri on Friday. At the baby shower Maxine got tons of gifts... and tons of advice, too.	1823
cohabitation	living with another person as though you were married.	wspólne mieszkanie	Compatible cohabitation is no guarantee of a successful marriage.	1824
to be on the pill	to be taking contraceptive pills.	brać pigułki antykoncepcyjne	She claims she's only on the pill to regulate her period, but if you ask me...	1825
commitment	a promise to do sth or to behave in a particular way.	zaangażowanie, przywiązanie w związku	Jim's afraid of emotional commitments. ...a commitment to equal pay and opportunities.	1826
seductive	sexually attractive...	uwodzicielski	She had a low, seductive voice.	1827
emotive	of or tending to excite emotion. .	wyzwalający emocje	Abortion has always been an emotive issue	1828
hankypanky	(often sexual) misbehavior!		Here, what are you two up to? We won't have any hanky-panky in here if you don't mind this is a public place!	1829
adulterous	(guilty) of adultery.	cudzołożnik	Married people who are adulterous in some Islamic countries may face being stoned to death.	1830
adulterated	polluted, esp. relating to food.	dot. żywności zatrutej środkami takimi jak pestycydy, itp.		1831
adulterated	Many of the farmer's apples had to be thrown away as they had been adulterated by the pesticides he had used.			1832
impassioned	deeply moved, ardent.	poruszający	Although guilty of the most horrendous crime, the defendant made an impassioned plea for clemency.	1833
femme fatale	dangerously attractive woman.		Many a married man has fallen prey to some femme fatale or another.	1834
drop dead gorgeous	-very attractive (man)!		Sheila expressed the view that Jim was drop dead gorgeous she had never seen anyone so attractive before!	1835
shapely	well formed or proportioned.	kształtny	I think Anna has a very shapely figure, don't you?	1836
dishy	very attractive.	pięknotka	Yes, I think Anna is very dishy she should enter a beauty contest	1837
alluring	enticing, tempting.	ponętny	The cream cake on the table looked very alluring, but Anna decided she must resist the temptation to eat it!	1838
histrionic	Dramatic behavior.		The teacher became annoyed with the pupil who insisted on blowing her nose in such a histrionic manner.	1839
invective	Rude and insulting words that people use when they are angry		She issued a torrent of invective towards the policeman after being arrested for drunkenness.	1840
insipid	Not interesting, exciting or attractive.		Despite her good looks, we all agreed that her personality was rather insipid.	1841
cheeky monkey	A cheeky person.		Ooh, you're such a cheeky monkey.	1842
outlandish	Outrageous		His dancing on the table during the meal was fairly outlandish.	1843
quirky	Strange or peculiar.		At times, quirky behavior can be quite endearing.	1844
dowdy	Plain and boring uninteresting.		The proverbial girl next door is traditionally dowdy in appearance.	1845
floozy	girl or woman, esp. disreputable one! Lady of the night - euphemism for a prostitute!	o kobiecie ze złą reputacją	Sheila? You're not bringing that floozy in here - she has been divorced three times!	1846
floozy	I wonder if Gerald realizes that that girl he's speaking to is a lady of the night and that she might charge him for her company?			1847
streetwalker	prostitute.			1848
call girl	prostitute.			1849
knocking shop	brothel.	burdel, dom publiczny	There are so many men going in out of next door all night that I'm beginning to wonder if it isn't a knocking shop?	1850
on the game	acting as a prostitute, involved in prostitution.	być zaangażowanym w prostytucję	I don't think there's any excuse for women going on the game as a way of making money! What do you think?	1851
fickle	inconstant, changeable.	kapryśny, zmienny	Sheila never went out very long with anyone - she was always rather fickle	1852
perfidious	unfaithful.	niewierny	The perfidious nature of Sheila meant she was married six times!	1853
tried and true	reliable, faithful, trustworthy.	niezawodny, wiarygodny	You can rely on Bob he's tried and true	1854
dependable	capable of being relied on.	niezawodny	You mean, Bob's a dependable sort of person the type you can rely on?	1855
dependant	one who depends on another for support.	zależny	Indeed, Bob has two children who are dependant on him for support.	1856
disrobe	to undress.	rozebrać się	Okay, if you'd just like to disrobe behind that screen the doctor will examine you in a moment!	1857
denude	to make nude or bare.	ogołocić, rozebrać	Many hillsides in this region become completely denuded once the biggest trees are removed.	1858
delude	fool, deceive.	zwodzić, wprowadzać w błąd	You're deluding yourself if you think I'm going to loan you a small fortune to waste on gambling!	1859
demimonde	women of doubtful repute in society; group behaving with doubtful legality.	o złej reputacji	The suffragettes were probably considered something of a demi-monde when they first appeared in British society.	1860
kith and kin	family and friends.	krewni i znajomi	My mother likes to invite our kith and kin every second day.	1861
common law marriage	a relationship that is considered to be a marriage, because the man and the woman have lived together for a long time.	związek nieślubny	Mother has not accepted her daughter living in common law marriage and decided not to visit her anymore.	1862
aloof	deliberately staying away from or not talking to other people.		No-one really knew much about Karen because she was always so aloof.	1863
feisty	lively behavior		Younghorses tend to be rather feisty.	1864
offish	Behavior which is unfriendly		Jasper wasn't particularly well-liked because of his offish manner.	1865
a hunk	An attractive, wellbuilt sexy man.		Don't you just love Tom Cruise? He's such a hunk.	1866
totty	An attractive, sexy girl		Don't you just love Emmanuelle Beart? She's such totty.	1867
infidelity	an act of being unfathful to your spouse by having sex with somebody else.	niewierność	Ann suspected her husband of infidelity.	1868
incompatibilty	when two people have completely different characters so that it is difficult for them to have a good relationship.	niezgodność-charakterów	God knows why they ever got married. They are totally incompatible.	1869
to be head over heels in love	to love someone very much.	być zakochanym po uszy	My friend is obviously head over heels in love with Paul.	1870
to play aroud	to have a sexual relationship with someone that is not serious or not intended to last very long.	zabawić się z kimś		1871
to play aroud	Her husband accused her of playing around with other men.			1872
to have a crush on somebody	an uncontrollable feeling or love for sb. Epecially sb. young for someone older.	mieć chętkę na kogoś	My friend told me in secret that she has a crash on our new Russian teacher.	1873
odious	Extremely unpleasant.		Marek's new girlfriend is an odious little creature.	1874
to feel blue	sad and without hope; depressed.	mieć chandrę	That song always makes me feel blue.	1875
to wear trousers	to be the person in the family who makes the decisions.	She wears trousers in their family since the first day of their marriage.		1876
dowry	property or money that a woman gives to her husband when they marry.	posag	In some societies dowry is still an important issue in getting married.	1877
child support	(alimenty) money that someone pays regularly to their former spouse in order to support their children.		Her former husband denied having to pay child support for his son.	1878
possessive	wanting someone to have feelings of love or friendship only for you.	zaborczy	Men are very protective and sometimes possessive towards their daughters.	1879
impetuous	tending to do things very quickly, without thinking carefully first.	His impetuous personaliy was one of he reasons of their divorce.		1880
commonlaw husband	a man who has been living with a woman for a long time but who is not married to her,	konkubent	After twenty-five years of living together Jane and her common-law husband decided to get married. Her mother has never accepted the fact that she lives with her commonlaw husband without a formal marriage ceremony.	1881
male/female preserve	An activity suitable or particular to either men or women.		Gossiping used to be considered a female preserve but today men are much more likely to do it.	1882
fleshpot	humorous expression to describe areas where there are many places that people go to for pleasure, especially sexual pleasure.		Ibiza is such a beautiful island but it has been turned into a real fleshpot.	1883
sorority	a club of women students usually living in the same house,	bractwo dla kobiet	She has always dreamt of joining one of the sororities at her university but she's never done it. The stereotype of a sorority sister is an attractive young woman who is not very intelligent.	1884
feud	a state of strong dislike and violence which continues over some time as a result of a quarrel, usually between two people, families, etc.	wojna np. miedzy rodzinami	This bitter feud over territory began some thirty years ago. The two tribes are feuding with each other over land.	1885
nuclear family	closest family members; father, mother, children,	najbliższa rodzina	The nuclear family only comprises parents and children.	1886
extended family	family unit including in-laws and grandparents,	cała rodzina	We're having an extended family reunion next week.	1887
to twotime	to have an affair outside marriage (coll.),	zdradzać	He'd been two timing his wife for years.	1888
patronize	to condescend towards sb,	traktować protekcjonalnie	Don't patronize me! I know the chicken was burnt!	1889
frown on	disapprove of something,	patrzeć z dezaprobatą	He frowns on everything she does.	1890
look up to	respect, admire,	podziwiać		1891
look up to	I always looked up to my brother.			1892
contentious	fond of arguing,	kłótliwy	I can't stand contentious people. You can't convince them of anything.	1893
fidelity	faithfulness, loyalty,	wierność	I've never doubted her fidelity.	1894
lecherous	desiring constant sexual pleasure,	lubieżny	My father is a lecherous old man!	1895
hassle free	not annoying, without difficulties,	bezproblemowy, bezstresowy	We all wish for a hassle free life.	1896
be towed down	burdened, bothered,	być czymś obciążonym	I don't want to be towed down with a mortgage and car payments.	1897
parenting	state of being a parent,	wychowanie	Until I was 13 my mother's only job was parenting.	1898
commonlaw husband	a man who has been living with a woman for a long time but who is not married to her,	konkubent	After twenty-five years of living together Jane and her common-law husband decided to get married. Her mother has never accepted the fact that she lives with her commonlaw husband without a formal marriage ceremony.	2456
male/female preserve	an activity suitable or particular to either men or women.		Gossiping used to be considered a female preserve but today men are much more likely to do it.	2457
fleshpot	humorous expression to describe areas where there are many places that people go to for pleasure, especially sexual pleasure.		Ibiza is such a beautiful island but it has been turned into a real fleshpot.	2458
sorority	a club of women students usually living in the same house,	bractwo dla kobiet	She has always dreamt of joining one of the sororities at her university but she's never done it. The stereotype of a sorority sister is an attractive young woman who is not very intelligent.	2459
feud	a state of strong dislike and violence which continues over some time as a result of a quarrel, usually between two people, families, etc.	wojna (np. miedzy rodzinami)	This bitter feud over territory began some thirty years ago. The two tribes are feuding with each other over land.	2460
nuclear family	closest family members; father, mother, children,	najbliższa rodzina	The nuclear family only comprises parents and children.	2461
extended family	family unit including in-laws and grandparents,	cała rodzina	We're having an extended family reunion next week.	2462
to twotime	to have an affair outside marriage (coll.),	zdradzać	He'd been two timing his wife for years.	2463
unrequited	about love; not returned,	nieodwzajemniony	Her love for John went unrequited.	2464
cohabit	live together without being married,	żyć w konkubinacie	Nowadays many people cohabit instead of getting married.	2465
wedlock	state of being married,	stan małżenski	Many children are born out of wedlock.	2466
patronize	to condescend towards sb,	traktować protekcjonalnie	Don't patronize me! I know the chicken was burnt!	2467
frown on	disapprove of something,	patrzeć z dezaprobatą	He frowns on everything she does.	2468
look up to	respect, admire,	podziwiać	I always looked up to my brother.	2469
contentious	fond of arguing,	kłótliwy	I can't stand contentious people. You can't convince them of anything.	2470
fidelity	faithfulness, loyalty,	wierność	I've never doubted her fidelity.	2471
lecherous	desiring constant sexual pleasure,	lubieżny	My father is a lecherous old man!	2472
hassle free	not annoying, without difficulties,	bezproblemowy, bezstresowy	We all wish for a hassle free life.	2473
be towed down	burdened, bothered,	być czymś obciążonym	I don't want to be towed down with a mortgage and car payments.	2474
parenting	state of being a parent,	wychowywanie dzieci	Until I was 13 my mother's only job was parenting.	2475
harrowing	distressing		The divorce was a harrowing experience for her.	2476
a chip off the old block	a person very much like his/her mother or father in character		He has his father's temper all right, a real chip off the old block.	2477
decorum	correct behaviour or appearance, showing proper respect for the manners and customs of society		I hope you will behave with decorum at the funeral.	2478
submissive	gentle and (too) willing to obey orders;			2479
meek	gentle and uncomplaining; accepting other's actions and opinions without argument		He expects his wife to be meek and submissive.	2480
henpecked	(of a man) continually nagged by one's wife and completely obedient to her;			2481
nag	to annoy or try to persuade someone by continually finding fault and complaining		He is such a henpecked husband! His wife keeps nagging him all the time and he doesn't seem to mind!	2482
unruly	wild in behaviour, difficult to control		And then there are those unruly children of theirs!	2483
recalcitrant	refusing to obey or be controlled, even after being punished		I really don't know how he puts up with their recalcitrant behaviour.	2484
marital	of marriage;			2485
bliss	complete happiness		This certainly isn't my idea of marital bliss.	2486
recluse	a person who lives alone away from the world and avoids other people		If I were him, I would probably move out and spend the rest of my life as a recluse in some remote part of the world.	2487
fret	to be continually worried or dissatisfied about small or unnecessary things		My mother is always fretting over something.	2488
cantankerous	badtempered, quarrelsome		I wish that cantankerous old man would find somebody else to pick on.	2489
dote on	to show great fondness for somebody, especially in a way that seems foolish		She really dotes on her only son.	2490
antics	strange or foolish behaviour that is usually regarded with disapproval		She eventually grew tired of his antics and broke off their engagement.	2491
crush	a strong but short-lived feeling of love for someone		Did you have a crush on one of your teachers when you were at school?	2492
maintenance	money that a person has been ordered by a court to pay regularly to their former partner		How much maintenance does he pay to his children and ex-wife?	2493
next of kin	a person's closest relative or relatives		His next of kin were told of his death.	2494
disinherit	to take away the legal right to receive one's property after one's death;			2495
disown	to refuse to accept as one's own;			2496
outcast	a person forced from their home or without friends		When his parents discovered that he was gay, they disowned and disinherited him, and he became an outcast.	2497
blood relation	a person related by birth rather than by marriage		Neither of my parents is particularly close to their blood relations, so we are a nuclear rather than an extended family.	2498

Science and Technology

Word	Definition	Translation	Example	nr
email	one of the most important ways of communication via Internet. It is based on sending text messages that contain message, reciever's address, sender's address and some additional information.	email		331
notebook	notebook is a small portable computer. It is hitech and usually very expensive	komputer przenośny		332
net	some kind of web	sieć		333
net	shorter name of the Internet	skrócona nazwa Internetu		334
operating system	soul of our computer, a software that enables us to use the computer (Windows, DOS, Linux)	system operacyjny		335
virtual reality	the reality that is not real, but is generated by the computer very visible in the newest video games	wirtualna rzeczywistość		336
chatroom	it's a place in Internet where one can talk with other people about things that interest him. He can do it live.	czat		337
cd	compact disc. Normally used to store music, but nowadays it is used also to store data.	płyta CD		338
portal	a sort of Internet service. Via portal users have access to the most recent news from all fields.	portal		339
online	(of equipment or process) directly controlled by or connected to a central processor adv. while thus controlled or connected	podłączenie się do sieci		340
internet	an International Computer Network linking computers from educational institutions, government, agencies, industry	internet		341
software	programs and other operating information used by a computer	oprogramowanie		342
computer virus	hidden code within a computer program intended to corrupt a system or destroy data stored in it	wirus komputerowy		343
silver surfers	biggest fans of e-mails	zwolennicy poczty elektronicznej		344
dwindle	become gradually smaller, shrink	zmniejszyć się		345
www - word wide web	place where you can get access to information	światowa pajęczyna, strony WWW		346
cyber cafe	place where for entrance fee you can not only eat a cookie and drink coffee but you can also log into Internet	cyber kawiarnia		347
irc - internet relay chat	Internet service which enables leading conversations by two or more persons	rozmowy w sieci		348
nap network access point	access to Internet	dostęp do Internetu		349
web sites	pages in Internet where you can find information on various items	strony w sieci		350
surfers	people who use Internet	serferzy		351
mail exchanger	computer which is used to accept and send e-mail	komputer służący do wymiany poczty elektronicznej		352
homepage	title page of given subject	strona tytułowa		353
newsgroups	groups in which we can exchange our views on various subjects	grupy dyskusyjne w Internecie		354
emoticons	signs which express our mood in e-mails (the word emoticons comes from two words "EMOTIONS" (uczucia) and "ICON" (symbol)	buźki , uśmieszki	:-) ;-) :( ;-( are the most common emoticons.	355
hacker	a man who breaks into other systems and computer nets	haker		356
ethernet	a local net where computers are connected to one canal of data	sieć lokalna		357
freeware	programs which you can get for free (the word freeware comes from two words "free" and "software")	programy gratisowe		358
voice mail	voice message which is sent by Internet	poczta głosowa		359
junk mail	advertisement texts which are sent by email	teksty reklamowe lub maile - śmieci		360
spark plug	a device for firing the explosive mixture in an internal-combustion engine		You have to clean sparking plugs and try to start your lawnmower again.	361
pristine	in its original condition	nieskazitelny	Washing machine for sale - only two months old and in pristine condition.	362
impedimenta	equipment for an activity or expedition		We were weighed down with sleeping bags, gas cookers and pans- all the impedimenta of camping.	363
prodigy	a person, especially a young one, endowed with exceptional qualities or abilities	geniusz, cudowne dziecko	Germany seemed a prodigy of industrial discipline. Mozart was a child prodigy.	364
foolproof	not capable of going wrong or being wrongly used; easy to operate	niezawodny, nie psujący się	Our security system is absolutely foolproof. This new video recorder is supposed to be foolproof.	365
disprove	prove that something is false (disprove theory, disprove belief)	obalać, odpierać	I ate lots of onion and I did not feel ill so that disproves my theory that it is onion which makes me sick.	366
research	the systematic investigation into and study of materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.	badanie	painstaking research (hard, detailed) substantial research (solid, deep) laborious research (arduous) The historical background to the play had been carefully researched. We are fighting meningitis by raising money for medical research. It took months of painstaking research to write a book.	367
transmission	the action or process of transmitting something or the state of being transmitted	transmisja, przesyłanie, przekazywanie	fuzzy transmission (blurred) faulty transmission I can pick up a lot of stations on the radio but the transmission is usually a bit fuzzy.	368
carry something out	perform a task or planned operation, carry out: an experiment, market research survey	przeprowadzać badania, doświadczenie	The scientists carried out an experiment. Nigel is carrying out research on early Christian art.	369
data	facts or information	dane, informacja	acquire data, classify data, compile data, record data, fabricate data, gather data, obtain data, reveal data How much data can we store on one disk? The data is still being analyzed.	370
dissertation	a long essay on a particular subject, especially one written for a university degree or diploma		Ann did her dissertation on Baudelaire.	371
contraption	a machine or device that appears strange or unnecessarily complicated and often badly made or unsafe	ustrojstwo, gadżet	Whatever is that weird contraption you have got in your garage?!	372
assumption	a thing that is accepted as true or as certain to happen, without proof	założenie	conventional assumption crucial assumption (un)realistic assumption strong assumption ridiculous assumption We are working on the assumption that the time of death was after midnight. Our figures are based on the assumption that the rate of inflation will be 5% by the end of the year.	373
conversion	the process of transformation	przemiana	Solar power is the conversion of the sun's energy into heat and electricity.	374
radiation	a powerful and very dangerous rays that are sent out from certain substances; you cannot see or feel radiation but it can cause serious illness or death (promieniowanie)	promieniowanie	High levels of radiation have been recorded near the power station. My friend died after being exposed to radiation.	375
sample	a small quantity of something that is typical of the rest of it (próbka)	próbka	She sent a sample of her work in an attempt to get a job. The nurse said she would take a blood sample and test it.	376
vacuum	a space that contains no substance and no air or gas	próżnia	Sound waves cannot travel through a vacuum. Nature is said to abhor a vacuum. The main limitation on the life of a light bulb is not the thickness of the filament but the degree of vacuum. Also: vacuum cleaner, vacuum flask	377
refraction	bending of light rays when they pass from one transparent material to another	załamanie światła	You can see refraction of light in action by placing a drinking straw in a glass of water.	378
compatible	able to exist or occur together without problems or conflict	kompatybilny, zgodny	Are their blood groups compatible? (can blood from one person be given to the other?) The printer is fully compatible with all leading software.	379
debug	identify and remove errors from computer hardware or software	debugować, wyszukiwać i usuwać błędy	Games are the worst to debug. I will need a couple of hours to debug this program.	380
formula	a mathematical relationship or rule expressed in symbols	wzór	convincing/ temporary/permanent/ readymade/ existing formula The formula for carbon is CO. What is the formula for converting miles to kilometers?	381
hypothesis	an idea that is suggested as the possible explanation for something	hipoteza	false/ unlikely/ useful/ tentative/ bald/fanciful hypothesis to be based on the hypothesis that... Dr. Elwood said that the belief that milk could be harmful was based on the hypothesis that fat causes heart disease. A hypothesis has been put forward t	382
synthesis	the combining of separate things to form a complex whole	synteza	Her art is a synthesis of modern and traditional techniques.	383
synthesis	Plants need sunlight for the synthesis of their food from carbon dioxide and water.			384
amplification	an increase in the strength of radio signals	wzmocnienie	The over-loud amplification spoilt the concert. The band brought its own amplification.	385
nucleus	the central portion of an atom	jądro	DNA is stored in the nucleus of a cell.	386
fission	the splitting of an atomic nucleus	rozszczepienie	The fission of the cell could be inhibited with certain chemicals. Commercial nuclear power is provided by fission at the present time.	387
attractant	substance designed to attract sb or sth.	wabik	Various attractants are put into perfumes and aftershaves to "attract" the opposite sex!	975
putative	reputed, supposed.	przypuszczalny	Our study is the first to show the putative effect of pheromones on thehuman brain, said Dr Jones.	976
olfactory	relating to the sense of smell.	określenie odnoszące się do zmysłu węchu)	Although relating to one's sense of smell, one's olfactory sense is also very important when it comes to tasting food - which is tasteless without it.	977
gimmick	tricky device, esp to attract attention or publicity.	sztuczka	I think our competitor's offer of a free pen with every contract signed is just a gimmick.	978
to entice	to lure, persuade by offer of pleasure, etc!	zwabić	You mean, they are just trying to entice people into their shops with a cheap trick?	979
bonkers	crazy!	szalony)	If you think I'm going to climb to the top of that tree to rescue your cat, you mustbe bonkers!	980
to trigger sth	to cause to happen.	wywpłać , sprowokować	The fire in the factory triggered an enormous explosion.	981
cravings	strong desires.	ochota, pragnienie)	Women who are pregnant often have cravings for unusual foods.	982
to shed weight	to lose weight.	traćić wagę	Many people who are overweight try to shed weight by going on crash diets.	983
waft	to convey smoothly (as) through air or along water.	unośić się)	A waft of the blossom on the trees drifted through the room, much to my delight.	984
pungent	biting, caustic, esp affecting organs of smell or taste.	ostry, gryzący)	I think you've used too much paprika in this goulash - it's a bit pungent!	985
whiff	puff of air or smoke or odour or (fig.) scandal.	zapach	After the president admitted his son was having an affair with a married woman there was definitely a whiff of scandal in the air whenever family morals were thereafter mentioned.	986
to gee up	to encourage to go faster.	zachęta do przyspieszenia kogoś, czegoś)	The government's tax cuts were intended to gee up the public's spending and help the economy recover.	987
to synthesise	to artificially produce sth.	zsyntezować	When it comes to producing new perfumes some flowers are more difficult to synthesise than others.	988
impregnated	fertilised.	zapłodniony)	Many flowers are impregnated by bees carrying pollen from one plant to the other	989
to induce	to bring about, to cause to happen.	nakłaniać	The management tried to induce greater loyalty in their staff by offering them a huge pay rise.	990
malodorous	evil smelling.	cuchnący	The smell coming from the drains was quite malodorous - they definitely needed cleaning!	991
noisome	noxious, disgusting esp to smell.	cuchnący	The smell from the sewers was rather noisome also.	992
b.o.	body odour.	zapach ciała /potu	Nobody wanted to tell Gerald that he had a problem with b.o.!	993
redolent	fragrant, having strong smell, strongly suggestive or reminiscent of.	przywodzący na myśl)	The smell of the perfume was redolent of poppies on a summer day.	994
to raise a stink about sth	to complain loudly, normally in the hope that sb will pay attention to what you're saying and do sth to improve matters.		There's no need to raise such a stink about the window my son broke - I will pay for it, I promise!	995
to come up smelling of roses	to escape from a bad situation, often in a fortuitous way.		It's a good job you didn't leave early too as you were intending to do, otherwise the boss might have sacked you as well - instead of which he's now giving you a pay rise! Do you always come up smelling of roses?	996
to turn one's nose up at sth	to show that you consider sth is not good enough for you.		When the boss offered him a ten per cent pay rise, he turned his nose up at it, saying that he thought his invention was worth at least a share in the ownership of the company!	997
to get up sb's nose	to irritate sb!		I don't like Matthew, he gets right up my nose	998
to smell a rat	to be suspicious, suspect sth is wrong. I think the enemy has laid a trap for us - I smell a rat!			999
internet protocol (ip)	Main protocol (i.e., set of rules that formulates the foundation of communication) that controls data flow from one point to the another.			1000
internet service provider (isp)	Company that offers its customers accesses to the Internet.			1001
jitter	Difference in arrival time of packets sent at the same time but travelling different routes.			1002
latency	Extent of delay that network components inflict on packets travelling through the network.			1003
trunk, trunk group	Number of phone lines grouped together going to the same place.			1004
vanity number	A specific 800 or 888 number			1005
access gateway	Equipment used to provide the electronic "bridge" from the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to an Internet protocol (IP) network.			1006
bit	The smallest data unit that a computer can handle.			1007
carrier	A telecommunications provider who owns switch equipment and telephone infrastructure.			1008
anchor	A word, phrase or graphic image, in hypertext, it is the object that is highlighted, underlined or "clickable" which links to another site.			1009
bookmark	A bookmark is an easy way to find your way back to a web site -- just like a real bookmark helps you keep your place in a book you are reading.			1010
chat room	An area online where you can chat with other members in realtime.			1011
cyberspace	Coined by author William Gibson in his 1984 novel "Neuromancer," cyberspace is now used to describe all of the information available through computer networks.			1012
freeware	Shareware, or software, that can be downloaded off the Internet - for free.			1013
hypertext	Any text that that can be chosen by a reader and which causes another document to be retrieved and displayed.			1014
infopreneur	Someone who starts up a business in information technology or online communications.			1015
netiquette	A term that is used to describe the do's and don'ts of online behaviour.		~ comes down to good business -- and social -- practice. Be polite, be aware of the folks you are talking to, talk nicely and not too much.	1016
newbie	A term to describe anyone new to an area, whether it be a particular forum online or the Internet.			1017
shareware	Software programs that are openly available, and usually they can be downloaded online. They are often free, though not always.			1018
snail mail (sm)	A term for traditional land and air mail services, which take days to deliver a message, versus seconds for delivery of email.			1019
hotlists	These can be pulldown or pop-up menus on browsers that contain new or popular sites.		Major browser and search engine home pages also contain updated hotlists, and there are entire sites -- such as Cool Site O' the Day.	1020
cyberterrorism	the use of computing resources to intimidate or coerce others. An example is hacking into a hospital computer system and changing someone's medicine prescription to a lethal dosage as an act of revenge.			1021
astronomy	the scientific study of the universe as a whole and all the objects within it		My father studied astronomy in college.	1022
astronomer	a person who studies astronomy		I wanted to be an astronomer, but it was too boring.	1023
lightyear	a distance one would travel while traveling at the speed of light for one year		Our closest galaxy is ten light-years away.	1024
galaxy	one of the independent stars in the universe		There are billions of galaxies in the universe.	1025
solar system	a sun and the group of planets which revolve around it		Our solar system has nine planets.	1026
quasar	the center of a very distant galaxy producing large amounts of energy		Quasars seem to emit about 100 times more energy than the average galaxy.	1027
pulsar	a very small dense star that sends out radio waves		Pulsars have a mass similar to the sun. but a diameter of about 10 Km.	1028
gravitational pull	the force which attracts any object of any mass towards any other object of any mass		The gravitational pull of the sun keeps the Earth in place.	1029
orbit	the curved path through which objects in space move around a planet or star which has gravity		Once in space, the spacecraft went into its orbit.	1030
cosmology	a theory about or the study of the nature and origin of the universe;		Cosmology is offered at few universities.	1031
nebula	a cloud of gas or dust in space ;		The photographs of the nebula were beautiful.	1032
interstellar	between the stars;		Interstellar travel is now impossible.	1033
black hole	a region in space where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape from it;		Black holes only exist in theory.	1034
super nova	a star which has recently exploded;		A super nova is about ten thousand million times brighter than the Sun.	1035
comet	an object that moves around the sun that is only rarely seen from the Earth and then as a bright line in the sky;		You'll be lucky if you see Haley's Comet once in your lifetime.	1036
to synthesize	to artificially produce sth.	zsyntezować	When it comes to producing new perfumes some flowers are more difficult to synthesize than others	1899
impregnated	fertilized.	zapłodniony	Many flowers are impregnated by bees carrying pollen from one plant to the other	1900
waft	to convey smoothly (as) through air or along water.	unosić się	A waft of the blossom on the trees drifted through the room, much to my delight.	1901
atm	a machine which carries out banking transaction automatically.	bankomat	Bill payments and loans repayments can be made through an ATM. I'm broke. We'll have to swing by the ATM to pick up some cash.	1902
upload	transmission from one, usu. smaller computer to another computer.		From an internet user's point-of-view, uploading is sending a file to a computer that is set up to receive it.	1903
modem	A communications driver that enables a computer to transmit information over a standard telephone line		The term "modem" comes from "modulate/demodulate". Modems are needed to convert digital to analog and vice versa.	1904
digital	working with discrete electrical signals representing binary 1 and binary 0			1905
analog	carrying a signal that can have any of a large number of variations			1906
format	a particular way to store information on a computer.		Special programs may be required to read certain formats.	1907
internet provider	organization that makes it possible for one to get onto the internet,	portal	There is a wide range of Internet service providers.	1908
graphics	pertains to any computer device or program that makes a computer capable of displaying and manipulating pictures, or the images themselves.		Dude! Check out the graphics in this game! Unreal or what? I skimped on my graphics card so I'm afraid streaming video comes in freezeframe stutters.	1909
palmtop	a hand-held, portable microcomputer designed to be used on the go.	minikomputer	A palm-top can serve as an address book, phone book, calendar, dictionary, calculator, etc. Is it the numerous functions of palmtops or their status-symbol value that makes them so popular among business people?	1910
courseware	software specifically designed for educational use.	komputerowe programy do nauki	Courseware designed to help people learn foreign languages has become very popular.	1911
call	Computer-Assisted Language Learning; responsive and corrective computer programs designed to help students of a foreign language learn and improve integrated communication skills interactively.		Some say CALL will eventually put English teachers in the unemployment line. Do you buy that?	1912
an ebook	an electronic book is a digital book that you can read on a computer screen.		Some e-books can be read on a device such as a Palm or other handheld computer. The prediction that ebooks will rid the world of paper has yet to be fulfilled.	1913
a pbook	The term used by the digital world to describe books in the print form.		While e-books are digital, p-books are the traditional, printed and bound type.	1914
cache	a cache (pronounced CASH) is a place to store something more or less temporarily.	pamięć cache	Web pages you request are stored in your browser's cache directory on your hard disk. When you return to a page you've recently looked at, the browser can get it from the cache rather than the original server, saving you time and the network the burden o	1915
a cdrom	Compact Disk - Read Only Media; can contain vast amounts of information (over 600Mb) accessible via a PC providing it contains a CD-ROM Drive.		Can I borrow a few of these CD-ROM encyclopedias? We're hoping to put our new dictionary out as a CDROM as well as a p-book.	1916
a speech sythesizer	a computerized approximation of human vocal patterns.		Early speech synthesizers sounded pretty freaky but these days they're really not too shabby.	1917
a glitch	a technical error; system hold-up.	zawieszanie się komputera	Glitches are a common source of frustration for people working with computers.	1918
backup	(both n. And v.) a duplicate copy of a program, disk, or data, made either for archiving purposes or for safeguarding valuable files from loss should the active copy be damaged or destroyed.		Thank God we made backups of all that data! We'd be in real trouble otherwise!	1919
email	(both n. and v.) electronic mail; a quick and easy method of sending a short or long text message to friends and colleagues and a vehicle for file attachments such as documents, photos, etc.	poczta elektroniczna	I just got a really creepy e-mail from this guy I met in Lisbon last summer. I'll email those figures to you later I don't have them on me right now.	1920
snail mail	(both n. and v.) the traditional, much slower but physical sending of post.		I'll FAX you a copy now, then snail-mail the original; it should reach you by Wednesday.	1921
to burn a cd	to make a copy of data onto a recordable, blank compact disc.		Most of his CDs were pirate copies he had burned himself at work. If you're interested in any of these I can burn copies for you, no problem	1922
device	A generic term for a computer subsystem.		Printers, serial ports, and disk drives are often referred to as devices. Subsystems frequently require their own controlling software	1923
device driver	A software component that permits a computer system to communicate with a device.		A printer driver is a device driver that translates computer data into a form understood by the intended printer.	1924
bug	an error in hardware or software.		This program still has a couple of bugs in it. I think we've ironed out all the bugs.	1925
pdf	for Portable Document Format; developed by Adobe Systems, PDF allows documents to appear on your computer just as they would in print.		Many of the EU's "White Papers" can be downloaded from the web as PDF files.	1926
digital camera	A camera that stores images digitally rather than recording them on film. Once a picture has been taken, it can be downloaded to a computer system, manipulated with a graphics program, and posted on the internet, e-mailed to friends and relatives, or printed.		My brother won a digital camera in a raffle at the company picnic. Some say digital cameras are all the rage but I still prefer good, oldfashioned 35mm.	1927
program	An organized list of instructions that, when executed, causes the computer to behave in a predetermined manner.		Programs are specific sets of ordered operations for a computer to perform. Without programs, computers are useless.	1928
crash	the sudden failure of a software application or operating system or of a hardware device.		I was just putting the finishing touches on my research paper when my hard disk crashed! Back up your work periodically. You never know when the system might crash.	1929
download	The process of copying a file from the Internet onto your hard drive.		The length of time needed to download a file depends on its size and the speed of your computer's modem (not to mention the capacity of local phone lines). Damn! This file is taking forever and a day to download! I'm ready to give up!	1930
hard disk	part of a unit, often called a "disk drive," "hard drive," or "hard disk drive," that stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.		Your home directory is on the IFA server, not the local hard drive.	1931
application	short for	application program, sth designed to help people perform a certain type of work.	Examples of applications include word processors, database programs, and web browsers. Development tools, drawing, paint, and image editing programs, and communication programs are also examples of applications.	1932
bells and whistles	unnec. but attractive extras; features added to a system or program only to enhance a product's marketability.		Due to high competition in computer technology, manufacturers are becoming increasingly creative in inventing various bells and whistles to make their products more attractive.	1933
to boot up	to start or "regenerate" each time you turn your computer on.		Something's not right. I'm going to re-boot.	1934
whiz	a person who is extremely good at something,	geniusz, specjalista w danej dziedzinie	If you don't understand geometry ask Mary, she's a whiz at math and I'm sure she will help you. My brother is a computer whiz, he knows everything about it.	1935
shoddy	Of poor quality.		His shoddy research resulted in him failing his PhD.	1936
hack	to gain access to the contents of a computer's memory without permission,	hakerstwo	Hacking is illegal and you can get jailed for breaking into somebody's programs. Hackers need to be careful since they may be easily caught while modifying a program.	1937
cad	Computer Aided Design: use of computers to design cars, buildings, etc.,	komputerowo wspomagane projektowanie	This company was the first to use CAD programs to design aircraft.	1938
ore	a mineral containing a metal or some other substance for which it is mined,	ruda	They were overjoyed when they found a major vein of platinum ore.	1939
water purification plant	plant in which waste water is purified to be used again, or to avoid pollution,	oczyszczalnia ścieków	They built a new water purification plant outside the city.	1940
replicate	produce exact copies of sth,	wykonać replikę czegoś	The drug prevents the virus from replicating itself.	1941
congenital	existing since or before birth,	choroba wrodzona	Doctors say cancer is a congenital disease.	1942
genome	the complete set of genes in a cell,		Scientists have managed to map the human genome.	1943
device	instrument or tool intended for a certain function,	urządzenie	A computer is a wonderful device.	1944
malfunction	failure to function normally,	niesprawność sprzętu	A malfunction of the computer has been detected.	1945
extension	three letter ending of a computer file,	rozszerzenie	The extension for documents is "DOC."	1946
pewter	grayish metal made by mixing lead and tin,	stop cynowy	She has a lot of jewelry made of pure pewter.	1947
cordite	smokeless explosive made from nitro glycerin and guncotton,	kordyt	The army uses cordite to blow up bridges.	1948
replica	a very good copy,	kopia, replika	Scientists are trying to make replicas of certain genes.	1949
repercussion	far reaching effect,	następstwo	No one knows what the repercussions of genetic engineering will be.	1950
feasible	possible,	możliwy	Heart transplants weren't feasible just fifty years ago.	1951
to browse	about a computer directory; to look through in order to find i.e. a file,	przeglądać	Computer users browse the Web to find relevant files.	1952
software piracy	illegal copying of computer software,	piractwo komputerowe	Software piracy is a threat to program writers and computer companies.	1953
genetic fingerprints	genetic information used to aid the identification of someone,	genetyczny odcisk palca	Police can now identify a murder 60 years after the fact with genetic fingerprinting.	1954
whiz	a person who is extremely good at something,	geniusz, specjalista w danej dziedzinie	If you don't understand geometry ask Mary, she's a whiz at math and I'm sure she will help you. My brother is a computer whiz, he knows everything about it.	2499
shoddy	of poor quality.		His shoddy research resulted in him failing his PhD.	2500
hack	to gain access to the contents of a computer's memory without permission,	hakerstwo	Hacking is illegal and you can get jailed for breaking into somebody's programs. Hackers need to be careful since they may be easily caught while modifying a program.	2501
cad	Computer Aided Design: use of computers to design cars, buildings, etc.,	projektowanie wspomagane komputerowo	This company was the first to use CAD programs to design aircraft.	2502
ore	a mineral containing a metal or some other substance for which it is mined,	ruda	They were over joyed when they found a major vein of platinum ore.	2503
water purification plant	plant in which waste water is purified to be used again, or to avoid pollution,	oczyszczalnia ścieków	They built a new water purification plant outside the city.	2504
replicate	produce exact copies of sth,	wykonać replikę czegoś	The drug prevents the virus from replicating itself.	2505
congenital	existing since or before birth,	choroba wrodzona	Doctors say cancer is a congenital disease.	2506
genome	the complete set of genes in a cell,		Scientists have managed to map the human genome.	2507
device	instrument or tool intended for a certain function,	urządzenie	A computer is a wonderful device.	2508
malfunction	failure to function normally,	niesprawność sprzętu	A malfunction of the computer has been detected.	2509
extension	three letter ending of a computer file,	rozszerzenie	The extension for documents is "DOC."	2510
pewter	grayish metal made by mixing lead and tin,	stop cynowy	She has a lot of jewelry made of pure pewter.	2511
cordite	smokeless explosive made from nitro glycerin and guncotton,	kordyt	The army uses cordite to blow up bridges.	2512
replica	a very good copy,	kopia, replika	Scientists are trying to make replicas of certain genes.	2513
repercussion	far reaching effect,	następstwo	No one knows what the repercussions of genetic engineering will be.	2514
feasible	possible,	możliwy	Heart transplants weren't feasible just fifty years ago.	2515
to browse	about a computer directory; to look through in order to find i.e. a file,	przeglądać	Computer users browse the Web to find relevant files.	2516
software piracy	illegal copying of computer software,	piractwo komputerowe	Software piracy is a threat to program writers and computer companies.	2517
genetic fingerprints	genetic information used to aid the identification of someone,	genetyczny odcisk palca	Police can now identify a murder 60 years after the fact with genetic fingerprinting.	2518
download	to move information or programmes from one part of a computer system to another		I have downloaded this programme from the Internet.	2519
upgrade	to make a computer or other machine better and able to do more things		I've upgraded my computer and now it works much faster.	2520
update	to make something more modern in the way it looks or operates		It is absolutely essential to update your virus program at least once a month, preferably once a week.	2521
customise	to make, build or change especially for one person		This programme allows computer users to customise the start menu.	2522
optimise	to make as perfect or effective as possible		You can optimise your computer for reliability or speed, most users choose speed.	2523
troubleshoot	to look for and remove causes of trouble in machines etc.		Trouble-shooting computers is part logic, part experience, part black art; but also a complete pain in the neck.	2524
glitch	a small fault in the operation of something		They can't manufacture the device till they've ironed out all the production glitches.	2525
binary	(of a system of counting) using the two numbers, 0 and 1, as a base		Because electricity has only two possible states, on or off, computers must perforce operate in binary.	2526
default	a particular way in which a computer will perform an operation, unless the user gives it different instructions		As many people don't like the default appearance of Windows, many programs exist to customise the way it looks and works.	2527
crash	to suddenly stop working		I couldn't draw my money because the bank's computer system had crashed.	2528
retrieve	to find and bring back		A computer can retrieve stored information in a matter of seconds.	2529
scroll up/down	to move (information) on a computer screen in a continuous movement		Could you scroll down a few lines, please?	2530
spreadsheet	a type of computer programme that allows figures to be shown on the screen so that calculations can be quickly made		The power of modern spreadsheet programs to manipulate figures and calculate future projections makes them indispensable to most businesses.	2531
optical fibre	a thread-like piece of glass or plastic used for sending information, for example in a telephone or computer system		The old trans-Atlantic undersea cables had a rather limited capacity until they were replaced with fibre optic cables.	2532
appliance	an apparatus, instrument or tool for a particular purpose		A common advertising wordplay is that the advertised appliance is an appliance of science.	2533
peripheral	a piece of equipment which is connected to a computer to help in using the computer		The most common peripherals today are printers and scanners, but digital cameras are catching up.	2534
browse	to search computer material		To read information on the internet you use a browser, to find the item you want you use a search engine; this is what is called browsing.	2535
surf the net	to look quickly through the messages on the Internet		Surfing the net with a high-speed modem seems to be what most kids aspire to these days.	2536
gizmo	a small piece of equipment, the name of which we cannot remember or do not know		He invented some gizmo for resealing fizzy drink bottles.	2537
bug	a small fault in the system of instructions that operates a computer		There's a bug in the program that's preventing the list from being sorted.	2538
file	a collection of information on a computer that is stored under a particular name		In the past files had to be given short eight letter names, but now we have the luxury of 255 characters.	2539
reboot	to start a computer up again after it has stopped working		If all else fails, reboot the computer.	2540
backup	to make a copy of the information on a computer programme or disk		Floppy disks used to be the basic back-up media for home users but re-writable CD's are slowly taking over.	2541
cyberspace	the virtual environment of electronic communication, the Internet		For many people cyberspace gives them far greater freedom than they could ever have in everyday life.	2542
online	connected to the Internet;			2543
offline	not connected to the Internet		You can write e-mail messages off-line, but you must be online to send them.	2544
technocrat	a scientist or engineer or other expert who is one of a group of similar people who have political power as well as technical knowledge.			2545
technocratic	to be influenced by technocrats		The current technocratic administration is blind to the damage being done to the environment	2546
computer literate	Somebody with sufficient knowledge and skill to use a computer		It is essential these days to be computer literate	2547
divergence	A difference between two or more things, attitudes or opinions		There is a divergence of opinion on the benefits of technology.	2548
an exact science	a particular activity is an exact science if follows set rules and affords accurate results.		Freud wished that analysis would be considered an exact science on a par with medicine.	2549
exemplar	somebody or sth that is considered to be so good that the should be copied or imitated.		They viewed their achievements as an exemplar of progress.	2550
exhaustive	very thorough and complete		The research was exhaustive and proved conclusively that smoking was harmful.	2551
idolatory	to worship some object or thing believing it be good.		Our attitude to the computer borders on the idolatry.	2552
negligible	an amount or effect that is so small as to be not worth considering.		The positive effects of smoking are negligible.	2553
negligent	failure to realize ones responsibilities.		A manufacturer negligently made and marketed a car with defective brakes.	2554
nebulous	(ADJ) that which is vague and difficult to define.		The term "cyber-culture" is nebulous and seems to mean many different things to many different people.	2555
networking	the process of establishing contacts through social activities.			2556
computer networking	using computers to maximize effective communications.			2557
opaque	that which is difficult to understand.		Technical jargon is all to often opaque.	2558
paleontology	the study of fossils as a guide to the history of life on earth.			2559
peripheral	an activity which is not very important compared with other activities or issues.		Science is peripheral to the debate on the sanctity of human life.	2560
pertinent	that which is relevant.		The pertinent information we need to make a decision is not available.	2561
prescriptive	an approach to something that tells what should be done rather than simply giving suggestions or descriptions of what is done.		Scientists often insist they are not being prescriptive.	2562
theorize	to develop an abstract idea or set of ideas about something in order to explain it.		By studying the way people behave we can theorize about what is going on in their minds.	2563
think tank	a group of experts who are gathered together by an organization or government in order to consider various problems with a view to solving them.		The Pentagons approach to the problem of terrorism is based largely on the work of several think-tanks.	2564
thwart	to prevent somebody form getting or achieving something.		Companies are spending fortunes trying to thwart the activities of computer hackers.	2565