Speech chain – making types of phonetics:

Production (speaker) – articulatory phonetics ----------------> reception/perception ( hearer or listener) – auditory phonetics

Phonology – is the study of production of sounds, their characteristics, their organization of sounds, words. The study is depend of language.

Language – is the organization of conventional signs, used for communication. Language can be analysis of two levels: - first level – concrete reality (speech) – second level – abstract reality which takes place in our mind.

Allophonic transcription - is narrow transcription. If we change allophone we don’t change the meaning of word. Allophones is the variation of the same phoneme.
Phonetics – the study of speech sounds and how they are produced. Sounds, voice, pronounced is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech.
Phonology – study of characteristics of sounds, their functions and how sounds are put together to make words.
Morphology – it is the identification, analysis and description of the structure of words.
Syntax – the way that words and phrases are put together to form sentences in a language. It is the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences is natural languages.
Semantics – it is the study of meaning usually in language. The word ‘semantics’ is self divides a range of ideas, from the popular to the technical. It is often used in ordinary languages.
RP – received pronunciation, this is the model of British English accent, this one is use education, it’s official accent. Easier communication, talk each other.
IPA - the International Phonetic Alphabetic a system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet, devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of spoken language.
Articulation – is the production of speech sounds using the speech organs to modify the airstream set in motion by the lungs. Consonants are classified according to their place and manner of articulation.
Glottal stop - in phonetics, the glottal stop is a guttural sound that is made when the glottal folds are pressed together.
Optional aspiration – when p, t, k is at the end.
Obstruent - is a consonant sound formed by obstructing airflow, causing increased air pressure in the vocal tract. In phonetics, articulation may be divided into two large classes: obstruents and sonorants. Obstruents are those articulations in which there is either a total closure of the vocal tract, or a partial closure, i.e. a stricture causing friction, both groups being associated with a noise component.
Dziąsło – alveolar ridge / gum
usta- lip (upper, lower)
zęby – teeth (upper, lower)
jama gardłowa – oval cavity
struny głosowe – vocal cords
krtań – larynx
jabłko adama – vocal folds
jama nosowa – nasal cavities
twarde podniebienie – hard palate
miękkie podniebienie – soft palate / velum
języczek - uvula / glottal
korzeń języka – root
gardło – pharynx
nagłośnia – epiglottis
głośnia – glottis
krtaniowy - glottal
przełyk – oesophagus
tchawica – trachea / windpipe
język – tongue
koniuszek – tip
krawędź – blade
środek – front
tył – back
przepona – diaphragm
zwarta – stop
divide consonants depending on the manner of articulation:
consonants:
1. sonorants 2. obstruents
-semi-vowels /w, j/ -plosives /p, b, t, d, k, g/
-nasals /m, n, ŋ/ -fricatives /s, z, f, v, θ, ð, h, ʃ, ʒ/
-liquids -affricates /tʃ, dʒ/
*lateral /l/
*non – lateral /r/
/ tʃ/ - voiceless palate – alveolar affricative. The vocal cords do not vibrate. The soft palate is raised. A complete is made between the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. The front of the tongue is raised towards the hard palate. The closure is released slowly, as a results of which friction occurs.
/z/ - voiced alveolar fricative. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is raised. A narrowing is formed between the tip and the blade of the tongue and the alveolar ridge. Friction occurs.
/m/ - voiced, bilabial, nasal. The vocal cords vibrate. The soft palate is lowered. A complete closure is made by the lips. The closure is released abruptly.
/ ŋ / - voiced, nasals, velar. The vocal cord vibrate, the soft palate is lowered. Back of tongue, articulate with soft palate, forming complete closure, air is released suddenly.
/l/ - vocal cords vibrate, the soft palate is raised. The blade of the tongue articulates with the alveolar ridge, air is released slowly in both sides of the tongue. (Billy)
/j/ - the vocal cords are vibrate, the front of the tongue affricatives with the hard palate. Narrowing without frication, soft palate is voiced, lips are mental or spread. (yes)
/k/ - voiceless, plosive, velar plosive. The vocal cords doesn’t vibrate, soft palate is raced, complete closure is form back of the tongue and soft palate, air is released suddenly. (carry)
/ ʒ/ - the vocal cords vibrate, blade articulates with the back of the alveolar ridge, front articulates with palate, soft palate is voiced, frication blade doesn’t touch it. (measure)
/f/ - the vocal cords doesn’t vibrate, lower lip articulates with upper teeth fricative, the air escapes slowly with frication.
/θ/ - a voiceless dental fricative
/ dʒ/ - a voiced palato – alveolar affricate
/b/ - a voiced bilabial plosive
/v/ - a frictionless continuant
/w/ - a labio – velar semi – vowel
/d/ - voiced, alveolar, plosives
/n/ - a voiceless glottal fricative
/i/ - an alveolar lateral
/v/ - a voiced labio – dental fricative
/ʃ/ - a voiceless palato – alveolar fricative
/ ŋ/ - voiced velar nasal
ladder /d/ - the voiced alveolar plosive
pleasure /ʒ/ - the voiced palato – alveolar, fricative
sorry /r/ - voiced post – alveolar, approximant
level /v/ - voiced labiodentals, fricative
mother /ð/ - voiced dental, fricative
Rachel /ʃ/ - a voiceless palato – alveolar fricative
behind /h/ - a voiceless glottal fricative
selling /l/ - a voiced alveolar lateral
comment / m/ - a voiced nasal bilabial
breaking /k/ - the voiceless velar - plosive