MINISTERSTWO EDUKACJI
NARODOWEJ
Romuald Smyrak
Posługiwanie się językiem angielskim zawodowym
314[05].O1.03
Poradnik dla ucznia
Wydawca
Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji  Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Radom 2007
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
Recenzenci:
mgr inż. Witold Sarnowski
mgr inż. Arkadiusz Pawlik
Opracowanie redakcyjne:
mgr Romuald Smyrak
Konsultacja:
mgr inż. Ryszard Dolata
dr inż. Andrzej Rypulak
Poradnik stanowi obudowę dydaktyczną programu jednostki modułowej 314[05].O1.03
 Posługiwanie się językiem angielskim zawodowym , zawartego w modułowym programie
nauczania dla zawodu technik mechanik lotniczy.
Wydawca
Instytut Technologii Eksploatacji  Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Radom 2007
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
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SPIS TREÅšCI
1. Wprowadzenie 3
2. Wymagania wstępne 4
3. Cele kształcenia 5
4. Materiał nauczania 6
4.1. Konstrukcja statku powietrznego 6
4.1.1. Materiał nauczania 6
4.1.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 11
4.1.3. Ćwiczenia 11
4.1.4. Sprawdzian postępów
14
4.2. Systemy i instalacje samolotu 15
4.2.1. Materiał nauczania 15
4.2.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 22
4.2.3. Ćwiczenia 23
4.2.4. Sprawdzian postępów 25
4.3. Silniki lotnicze 26
4.3.1. Materiał nauczania 26
4.3.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 33
4.3.3. Ćwiczenia 33
4.3.4. Sprawdzian postępów 35
4.4. UrzÄ…dzenia radiowe i radiowo-nawigacyjne 36
4.4.1. Materiał nauczania 36
4.4.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 42
4.4.3. Ćwiczenia 42
4.4.4. Sprawdzian postępów 46
4.5. Podstawowe operacje obróbki ręcznej i mechanicznej 47
4.5.1. Materiał nauczania 47
4.5.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 53
4.5.3. Ćwiczenia 53
4.5.4. Sprawdzian postępów 55
4.6. Podstawowe słownictwo używane w formularzach i przepisach lotniczych 56
4.6.1. Materiał nauczania 56
4.6.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce 60
4.6.3. Ćwiczenia 61
4.6.4. Sprawdzian postępów 61
5. Sprawdzian osiągnięć 62
6. Literatura 66
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1. WPROWADZENIE
Poradnik będzie Ci pomocny w przyswajaniu technicznego języka angielskiego, który
jest niezbędny do posługiwania się dokumentacją techniczną statków powietrznych.
W poradniku zamieszczono:
- wymagania wstępne  wykaz umiejętności, jakie powinieneś mieć już ukształtowane,
abyś bez problemów mógł korzystać z poradnika,
- cele kształcenia  wykaz umiejętności, jakie ukształtujesz podczas pracy z poradnikiem,
- materiał nauczania  wiadomości teoretyczne niezbędne do opanowania treści jednostki
modułowej,
- zestaw pytań, abyś mógł sprawdzić, czy już opanowałeś określone treści,
- ćwiczenia, które pomogą Ci zweryfikować wiadomości teoretyczne oraz ukształtować
umiejętności praktyczne,
- sprawdzian postępów,
- sprawdzian osiągnięć, przykładowy zestaw zadań. Zaliczenie testu potwierdzi
opanowanie materiału całej jednostki modułowej,
- literaturę uzupełniającą.
314[05].O1
Åšrodowisko pracy
314[05].O1.01 314[05].O1.02
314[05].O1.04
314[05].O1.03
Przestrzeganie przepisów Określanie
Przestrzeganie
Posługiwanie się
bezpieczeństwa i higieny warunków
przepisów
językiem
pracy, ochrony funkcjonowania
angielskim lotniczych
przeciwpożarowej i ochrony człowieka w
zawodowym
środowiska środowisku pracy
Schemat układu jednostek modułowych
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2. WYMAGANIA WST
PNE
Przystępując do realizacji programu jednostki modułowej, powinieneś umieć:
- posługiwać się językiem angielskim na poziomie B1/B2, lub FCE,
- poprawnie interpretować znaczenia rzeczowników złożonych w języku angielskim,
- pisać prosty list formalny,
- posługiwać się podstawową wiedzę w zakresie techniki lotniczej w języku polskim,
- posługiwać się podstawowymi pojęciami z zakresu matematyki, geometrii, fizyki,
chemii, elektrotechniki i elektroniki,
- korzystać z różnych z
ródeł informacji,
- obsługiwać komputer, korzystać z Internetu i wyszukiwarek internetowych,
- współpracować w grupie.
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3. CELE KSZTAA
CENIA
W wyniku realizacji programu jednostki modułowej, powinieneś umieć:
 scharakteryzować statek powietrzny stosownie do rodzaju i przeznaczenia,
 scharakteryzować elementy statków powietrznych i ich zespoły,
 opisać i sklasyfikować przyrządy i urządzenia wchodzące w skład awioniki,
 zastosować terminologię dotyczącą podstawowych operacji obróbki ręcznej
i mechanicznej,
 odczytać ze zrozumieniem dokumentację techniczną statków powietrznych,
 dokonać pisemnego i ustnego zamówienia części zamiennych do wykonania obsługi
statku powietrznego,
 wypełnić formularze poświadczenia obsługi technicznej statku powietrznego,
 odczytać ze zrozumieniem przepisy organizacji: JAA, ICAO i UE(EASA),
 napisać list, pismo, faks, e-mail w sprawach zawodowych,
 poprowadzić rozmowy w sprawach zawodowych i sytuacjach z życia codziennego.
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4. MATERIAA
NAUCZANIA
4.1. Konstrukcja statku powietrznego
4.1.1. Materiał nauczania
aircraft
1) An aircraft is a vehicle which is able to fly through the air (or through
manned
any other atmosphere). All the human activity which surrounds aircraft is
RPV
called aviation. (Most rocket vehicles are not aircraft because they are
surround
not supported by the surrounding air).
UAV
unmanned Manned aircraft are flown by a pilot. Until ca. the 1960s, unmanned
vehicle
aircraft were called drones. During the 1960s, the US military brought
the term Remotely Piloted Vehicles (RPV) into use. More recently the
term Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has become common.
aerodynes
2) Aircraft fall into two broad categories: Lighter-than-air, called
aerostats
aerostats, and heavier-than-air, called aerodynes.
airship
buoyancy
canopies
density
displace
float
gasbags
hydrogen
power
powered
structure weight
Rys.1. A hot air balloon in flight. [9]
Aerostats use buoyancy to float in the air in much the same way that
ships float on the water. They are characterized by one or more large
gasbags or canopies, filled with a relatively low density gas such as
helium, hydrogen or hot air, which is lighter than the surrounding air.
When the weight of this is added to the weight of the aircraft structure, it
adds up to the same weight as the air that the craft displaces.
Small hot air balloons called sky lanterns date back to the 3rd Century
BC and were only the second type of aircraft to fly, the first being kites.
Nowadays we say that a balloon is an unpowered aerostat, whilst an
airship is a powered one.
law
3) Heavier than air  aerodynes
lift
Heavier-than-air aircraft must find some way to push air or gas
push
downwards, so that a reaction occurs (by Newton's laws of motion) to
thrust
push the aircraft upwards. This dynamic movement through the air is the
ward
origin of the term aerodyne. There are two ways to produce dynamic
upthrust: aerodynamic lift, and powered lift in the form of engine thrust.
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aerodynamics
4) Aerodynamic lift is the most common, with airplanes kept in the air by
aerofoil
the forward movement of wings, and rotorcraft by spinning wing-shaped
craft
rotors. A wing is a flat, horizontal surface, usually shaped in cross-
horizontal
section as an aerofoil. To fly it must move forwards through the air; this
spin
wing movement of air over the aerofoil shape deflects air downward to create
rotor
an equal and opposite upward force, called lift, according to Newton's
third law of motion.
steady
5) The initialism VTOL (vertical take off and landing) is applied to
STOL
aircraft that can take off and land vertically. Most are rotorcraft. Others,
take off
such as the Hawker Siddeley Harrier, take off and land vertically using
transfer
powered lift and transfer to aerodynamic lift in steady flight. STOL
vertical
VTOL stands for short take off and landing.
fixed- wing
6) Airplanes or airplanes are technically called fixed-wing aircraft.
canard
Airplanes are generally characterized by their wing configuration.
configuration
In a conventional configuration, the main wings are placed in front of
control surface
a smaller stabilizer surface or tailplane. The canard reverses this, placing
elevator
foreplane a small foreplane forward of the wings, near the nose of the aircraft.
fuselage
Canards are becoming more common as supersonic aerodynamics grows
rudder
more mature and because the forward surface contributes lift during
stabilizer
straight-and-level flight. The tandem wing type has two wings of similar
tailless
size, one at the front and one at the back. In a tailless design the lift and
tailplane
tandem wing horizontal control surfaces are combined. The ultimate expression of this
is the flying wing, where there is no central fuselage, and perhaps even
no separate vertical control surface (e.g., the B-2 Spirit).
biplane
7) Sometimes two or more wings are stacked one above the other.
drag
A biplane has two wings, and a triplane has three, quadruplanes (four)
sesquiplane
and above have never been successful. Up until the 1930's, biplanes were
strut
the most common. Triplanes were only occasionally made, especially for
triplane
a brief period during the First World War due to their high
manoeuvrability as fighters.
brace
8) A sesquiplane is similar to a biplane, but with the lower wing much
cantilever
reduced in size. Most multi-plane designs are braced, with struts and/or
high-wing
wires holding the wings in place. A monoplane has only one wing. Some,
low-wing
especially early designs, are also braced, because this allows a much
mid-wing
monoplane lighter weight than a clean, unbraced cantilever design. But bracing
multiplane
causes a large amount of drag at higher speeds, so it is no longer used for
multi-plane
faster designs. Monoplanes are also classified as high-wing, mid-wing or
wire
low-wing, according to where on the fuselage the wing is attached.
chord
9) Most low-speed airplanes have a straight wing, which may be
forward sweep
constant-chord, or tapered so that it decreases in chord towards the tip.
swept wing
For flight near or above the speed of sound, a swept wing is usually used,
tapered
where the wing angles backwards towards the tips (though forward
sweep is occasionally experimented with, and M-wing designs which
reverse direction half way along have been suggested).
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crescent
10) A notable variation is the delta wing, which is shaped like a triangle:
crop
the leading edge is sharply swept, but the trailing edge is straight; one
delta
common form is the cropped delta, which merges into the tapered swept
double-curved
category, and an especially graceful form is the double-curved ogival
ogival delta
leading edge delta found for example on Concorde. Another variation is the crescent
sharp
wing, seen for example on the Handley Page Victor, which is sharply
swing-wing
swept inboard, with reduced sweep for the outboard section. A variable-
trailing edge
geometry wing, or swing-wing, can change the angle of sweep in flight.
It has been employed in a few examples of combat aircraft, the first
production type being the General Dynamics F-111.
bulkheads
11) Semimonocoque construction.
formers
The semimonocoque fuselage is constructed primarily of the alloys of
frames
aluminum and magnesium, although steel and titanium are found in areas
longerons
of high temperatures. Primary bending loads are taken by the longerons,
monocoque
semimonocoque which usually extend across several points of support. The longerons are
stringers
supplemented by other longitudinal members, called stringers. Stringers
are more numerous and lighter in weight than longerons. The vertical
structural members are referred to as bulkheads, frames, and formers.
The heaviest of these vertical members are located at intervals to carry
concentrated loads and at points where fittings are used to attach other
units, such as the wings, powerplants, and stabilizers.
lateral axis
12) Wing construction.
longitudinal
The main structural parts of a wing are the spars, the ribs or bulkheads,
parallel
and the stringers or stiffeners. Spars are the principal structural members
Principal member
of the wing. They correspond to the longerons of the fuselage. They run
ribs
spars parallel to the lateral axis, or toward the tip of the wing, and are usually
truss
attached to the fuselage by wing fittings, plain beams, or a truss system.
Spars may be made of metal or wood depending on the design criteria of
a specific aircraft. Most aircraft recently manufactured use spars of solid
extruded aluminum or short aluminum extrusions riveted together to
form a spar.
floatplane
13) Seaplanes and floatplanes differ in that a seaplane has the bottom of
seaplane
its fuselage shaped hydrodynamically and it sits directly on the water
when at rest, while a floatplane has two or more floats attached below the
rest of the aircraft so that the fuselage remains clear of the water at all
times.
aerofoil
14) Rotorcrafts, or rotary-wing aircraft, use a spinning rotor with aerofoil
autogyro
section blades (a rotary wing) to provide lift. Types include helicopters,
directly
autogyros and various hybrids such as gyrodynes and compound
disc
rotorcraft. Helicopters have powered rotors. The rotor is driven (directly
gyrodyne
hybrid or indirectly) by an engine and pushes air downwards to create lift. By
propulsion
tilting the rotor forwards, the downwards flow is tilted backwards,
rotor kite
producing thrust for forward flight.
spin
Autogyros or gyroplanes have unpowered rotors, with a separate power
tether
plant to provide thrust. The rotor is tilted backwards. As the autogyro
tether
tilt moves forward, air blows upwards through it, making it spin. This
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tow
spinning dramatically increases the speed of airflow over the rotor, to
ward
provide lift. Juan de la Cierva (a Spanish civil engineer) used the product
name autogiro, and Bensen used gyrocopter. Rotor kites, such as the
Focke Achgelis Fa 330 are unpowered autogyros, which must be towed
by a tether to give them forward speed.
Rys.2. Bell 206B JetRanger III helicopter [10]
Gyrodynes are a form of helicopter, where forward thrust is obtained
from a separate propulsion device rather than from tilting the rotor. The
definition of a 'gyrodyne' has changed over the years, sometimes
including equivalent autogiro designs. The most important characteristic
is that in forward flight air does not flow significantly either up or down
through the rotor disc but primarily across it. The Heliplane is a similar
idea.
Compound rotorcrafts have wings which provide some or all of the lift in
forward flight.
axis
15) A propeller comprises a set of small, wing-like aerofoils set around a
contra-prop
central hub and aligned in the direction of travel. Spinning the propeller
duct
creates aerodynamic lift, or thrust, in a forward direction. A contra-prop
fairing
arrangement has a second propeller close behind the first one on the same
fan
gear axis, which rotates in the opposite direction.
hub
Turbine engines need not be used as jets (see below), but may be geared
jet
to drive a propeller in the form of a turboprop. Modern helicopters also
propeller
typically use turbine engines to power the rotor.
propfan
ring
turbine
turboprop
Rys.3. A turboprop-engined DeHavilland Twin Otter adapted as a floatplane [11]
A variation on propellers is to use many broad blades to create a fan.
These fans are traditionally surrounded by a ring-shaped fairing or duct,
as ducted fans. Some experimental designs do not use a duct, and are
sometimes called propfans. How to tell whether it's a propeller or a fan?
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Look at it from the front when stationary: if you can see in between the
blades then it is a propeller, while if the blades pretty much block the
view it is a fan.
acceleration
16) Jet engines
altitude
Jet engines provide thrust by taking in air, burning it with fuel, and
burning
accelerating the exhaust rearwards so that it ejects at high speed. The
efficient
reaction against this acceleration provides the engine thrust.
eject
exhaust F = m · a, where  m is the mass of accelerated air and fuel throughout
magnitude
the engine and  a is the magnitude of acceleration.
mass
Jet engines can provide much higher thrust than propellers, and are
take in
naturally efficient at higher altitudes, being able to operate above
40,000 ft (12,000 m). They are also much more fuel-efficient than
rockets. Consequently, nearly all high-speed and high-altitude aircraft
use jet engines.
booster
17) The early turbojet and modern turbofan use a spinning turbine to
bypass
create airflow for takeoff and to provide thrust, but this is not absolutely
crude
necessary. Other designs include the crude pulse jet, high-speed ramjet
hybrid design
and the still-experimental supersonic-combustion ramjet or scramjet.
pulse jet
ramjet These designs require an existing airflow to work and cannot work when
ramjet
stationary, so they must be launched by a catapult or rocket booster, or
refuel
dropped from a mother ship. The engines of the Lockheed blackbird were
stationary
a hybrid design - the aircraft took off and landed in jet turbine
tanker
configuration, and for high-speed flight the turbine was bypassed to form
turbojet
a ramjet.
18) Military aircraft
Rys.4. The fifth-generation Military Aircraft, F-22 Raptor [12]
Combat aircraft like fighters or bombers represent only a minority of the
airliner
category. Many civil aircraft have been produced in separate models for
bomber
military use, such as the civil Douglas DC-3 airliner, which became the
fighter
military C-47/C-53/R4D transport in the U.S.
transport
19) List of aircraft by category
1 Civilian Aircraft
1.1 Airliners
1.2 Cargo planes
1.3 General aviation
1.4 Agricultural aircraft
1.5 Business aircraft
1.6 Civilian Seaplane, Flying Boats, and Amphibious Aircraft
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1.7 Civilian Helicopters
1.8 Sailplanes
1.9 Civil Research Aircraft, Prototypes and Specials
2 Military Aircraft
2.1 Bombers, Strike, Ground attack, gunships
2.2 Patrol, Anti-Submarine and Electronic Warfare aircraft
2.3 Military transports, tankers, and utility
2.4 Reconnaissance aircraft
2.5 Close air support/Counterinsurgency
2.6 Fighter aircraft, nightfighters and heavy fighters
2.7 Military Trainers
2.8 Military Helicopters and autogyros
2.9 Military Research Aircraft, Prototypes and Specials
4.1.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. Are all aircraft flown by a pilot?
2. Why is and isn t a space-shuttle an aircraft?
3. What is a UAV flown by?
4. What does RPV refer to?
5. What was the first aircraft to fly?
6. What makes aerostats fly in the air?
7. What makes the heavier than air aircraft fly?
8. What is the difference between conventional aircraft and flying wing?
9. How many wings has a quadruplane got?
10. What are advantages and disadvantages of a cantilever wing design?
11. What are the most common shapes of aircraft wings?
12. What is the difference between a seaplane and a floatplane?
13. What is the main difference between helicopters and autogyros?
14. What are the main parts of an aircraft structure?
4.1.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
Na podstawie fragmentów 6 10 materiału nauczania z rozdziału 4.1.1. Poradnika dla
ucznia określ układ aerodynamiczny statków powietrznych przedstawionych na rysunku do
ćwiczenia 1. Określ kształty elementów tworzących rysunek statku powietrznego.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować zadania,
3) sprawdzić w słowniku określenia dotyczące podstawowych figur geometrycznych,
4) porównać nazwy figur geometrycznych z nazwami frazeologicznymi używanymi
w lotnictwie,
5) porównać wynik pracy z pracami innych uczniów.
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Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 słownik,
 materiały do pisania.
A B C
D E
G
F
H
I J
Rys. do ćwiczenia 1. Wing planforms.
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Ćwiczenie 2
Na rysunku do ćwiczenia 2 przedstawione są cztery konfiguracje ustawienia skrzydeł
w stosunku do kadłuba. Podaj słowną instrukcję do narysowania podobnego rysunku
używając określeń geometrycznych (okrąg, linia ukośna). Wykonaj to samo ćwiczenie
używając fachowych określeń lotniczych (kadłub, skrzydło, ster wysokości). Pozostałe osoby
w grupie będą rysowały zgodnie z twoimi instrukcjami. Powtórz ćwiczenie dla sylwetek
samolotów z rysunku do ćwiczenia 1.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować zadania,
3) sprawdzić w słowniku określenia dotyczące podstawowych figur geometrycznych,
4) porównać nazwy figur geometrycznych z nazwami frazeologicznymi używanymi
w lotnictwie,
5) porównać wynik pracy z pracami innych uczniów.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 papier formatu A4,
 ołówek,
 flamastry,
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik.
A
B
C.
D
Rys. do ćwiczenia 2. Wing position.
Ćwiczenie 3
Przygotuj trwajÄ…cÄ… 4-5 minut prezentacjÄ™ w programie PowerPoint, lub Impress
przedstawiajÄ…cÄ… budowÄ™ wybranego typu statku powietrznego.
Aby znalez
ć potrzebne informacje i ilustracje skorzystaj z encyklopedii internetowej
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, lub innych z
ródeł. Wykorzystaj słownictwo podane
w 19 fragmencie materiału nauczania 4.1.1.
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Proponowane typy statków powietrznych:
 PZL M-28,
 AN-2,
 Aviat Eagle II,
 PA 34 Seneca,
 Curtiss_YA-14,
 Bell XP-83,
 Cessna 172,
 PZL-104 Wilga,
 Mirage 2000,
 Airbus A-380,
 Boeing 767,
 B-2 Spirit,
 F-16,
 Eurofighter Typhoon,
 MQ1 Predator.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować zadania,
3) wyszukać w Internecie charakterystykę wybranego statku powietrznego,
4) wykonać prezentację uwzględniając słownictwo zawarte w materiale nauczania,
5) porównać wynik pracy z pracami innych uczniów.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 słownik,
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu,
 materiały do pisania.
4.1.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz:
Tak Nie
1) dokonać podziału statków powietrznych ze względu na wielkość
załogi?
ðð ðð
2) dokonać podziału statków powietrznych ze względu na ciężar?
ðð ðð
3) wyjaśnić zasadę lotu aerostatu?
ðð ðð
4) wyjaśnić mechanizm powstawania siły nośnej na skrzydle?
ðð ðð
5) wymienić główne elementy konstrukcyjne statku powietrznego?
ðð ðð
6) opisać układ aerodynamiczny samolotu?
ðð ðð
7) opisać sposób powstawania siły nośnej w śmigłowcu?
ðð ðð
8) opisać sposób powstawania siły nośnej w wiatrakowcu?
ðð ðð
9) podać przykłady zastosowania silników turbinowych i odrzutowych?
ðð ðð
10) wymienić główne rodzaje silników lotniczych?
ðð ðð
11) wymienić rodzaje statków powietrznych cywilnych i wojskowych ze
względu na przeznaczenie?
ðð ðð
12) wymienić główne elementy konstrukcyjne skrzydła?
ðð ðð
13) wymienić główne elementy konstrukcyjne kadłuba?
ðð ðð
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4.2. Systemy i instalacje samolotu
4.2.1. Materiał nauczania
combustion
1) A hydraulic or hydrostatic drive system or hydraulic power
filters
transmission is a drive or transmission system that makes use of
fluid
a hydraulic fluid under pressure to drive machinery. All liquids and all
generator
gases are fluids. Such a system basically consists of: Generator part of
hydraulic
hydrostatic the transmission, in general a hydraulic pump, driven by an electric
kinetic energy
motor, a combustion engine or a windmill. Valves, filters, piping etc. to
liquid
guide and control the system. Motor part of the transmission a hydraulic
piping
motor or hydraulic cylinder to drive the machinery. Hydrostatic means
pump
that the energy comes from the flow and the pressure, but not from the
valves
kinetic energy of the flow.
actuated
2) Principle of hydraulic drive system.
confined
Pascal's law is the basis of hydraulic drive systems. Hydraulic system
confined liquid
liquids are used primarily to transmit and distribute forces to various
diminish
units to be actuated. Liquids are able to do this because they are almost
fluid
gas incompressible. Pascal's Law states that pressure applied to any part of
incompressible
a confined and connected body of an incompressible fluid at rest is
law
transmitted with undiminished intensity to every other part.
liquid
rest
transmit
3) Viscosity.
dilute
One of the most important properties of any hydraulic fluid is its
flow
viscosity. Viscosity is internal resistance to flow. A liquid such as
resistance
viscosimeter gasoline flows easily (has a low viscosity) while a liquid such as tar
viscosity
flows slowly (has a high viscosity). Viscosity increases with temperature
decreases. The viscosity of a liquid is measured with a viscosimeter or
viscometer.
breakdown
4) Filters.
bypass
A filter is a screening or straining device used to clean the hydraulic
bypass valve
fluid, thus preventing foreign particles and contaminating substances
clogged
from remaining in the system. If such objectionable material is not
contamination
deposit removed, it may cause the entire hydraulic system of the aircraft to fail
impurity
through the breakdown or malfunctioning of a single unit of the system.
inline
The hydraulic fluid holds in suspension tiny particles of metal that are
malfunction
deposited during the normal wear of selector valves, pumps, and other
objectionable
system components. Filters may be located within the reservoir, in the
particles
pressure line pressure line, in the return line, or in any other location where the
pump
designer of the system decides that they are needed to safeguard the
reservoir
hydraulic system against impurities. Most filters used in modern aircraft
route
are of the inline type. The inline filter assembly is comprised of three
safeguard
basic units: head assembly, bowl, and element. The head assembly is that
screen
secured part which is secured to the aircraft structure and connecting lines.
selector valve
Within the head there is a bypass valve which routes the hydraulic fluid
strain
directly from the inlet to the outlet port if the filter element becomes
suspension
clogged with foreign matter.
wear
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5) A hydraulic pump with a small swept volume that asks for a small
adjustable
torque combined with a hydraulic motor with a large swept volume that
efficiency
gives a large torque. In such a way a transmission with a certain ratio can
ratio
be built. Most hydraulic drive systems make use of hydraulic cylinders.
servo-motors
swept volume Here the same principle is used. A small torque can be transmitted in
throttling
a large force. By throttling the fluid between generator part and motor
plunger
part, or by using hydraulic pumps and/or motors with adjustable swept
torque
volume, the ratio of the transmission can be changed easily. In case
throttling is used, the efficiency of the transmission is limited, If
adjustable pumps and motors are used, the efficiency however is very
large. In fact up to say 1980, a hydraulic drive system had hardly
competition from other adjustable (electric) drive systems. Nowadays
electric drive systems using electric servo-motors can be controlled in an
excellent way and can easily compete with rotating hydraulic drive
systems. Hydraulic cylinders are in fact without competition for linear
(high) forces. For these cylinders anyway hydraulic systems will remain
of interest and if such a system is available, it is easy and logical to use
this system also for the rotating drives of the system.
compensator
6) Hydraulic pump
fixed delivery
The smallest gear pumps (except miniature ones) have a swept volume of
pumps
1 cmł and the largest axial plunger pump that is available from stock will
quantity of fluid
variable/constant have a swept volume of 1000 cmł. For continuous hydraulic drives, the
delivery
maximum working pressure will be some 200 bars.
7) Power Driven Pumps
Many of the power driven hydraulic pumps of current aircraft are of
variable delivery, compensator controlled type. There are some constant
delivery pumps in use. Principles of operation are the same for both types
of pumps.
8) Constant delivery pumps are sometimes called constant volume or
pressure
fixed delivery pumps. They deliver a fixed quantity of fluid per
regulator
revolution, regardless of the pressure demands. Since the constant
pump rpm
delivery pump provides a fixed quantity of fluid during each revolution
varying output
of the pump, the quantity of fluid delivered per minute will depend upon
pump rpm. When a constant delivery pump is used in a hydraulic system
in which the pressure must be kept at a constant value, a pressure
regulator is required.
9) A variable delivery pump has a fluid output that is varied to meet the
pressure demands of the system by varying its fluid output. The pump
automatically
output is changed automatically by a pump compensator within the
output
within pump.
durability
10) Pumping Mechanisms
gear
Various types of pumping mechanisms are used in hydraulic pumps, such
gerotor
as gears, gerotors, vanes, and pistons. The piston type mechanism is
piston
commonly used in power driven pumps because of its durability and
vane
capability to develop high pressure. In 3,000 psi hydraulic systems,
piston type pumps are nearly always used.
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clearance
11) Gear Type Pump
clockwise
A gear type power pump consists of two meshed gears that revolve in
counterclockwise
a housing. The driving gear is driven by the aircraft engine or some other
gear teeth
power unit. The driven gear meshes with, and is driven by, the driving
housing
inlet port gear. Clearance between the teeth as they mesh, and between the teeth
meshed gears
and the housing, is very small. The inlet port of the pump is connected to
outlet port
the reservoir, and the outlet port is connected to the pressure line. When
reservoir
the driving gear turns in a counterclockwise direction, it turns the driven
trapped
gear in a clockwise direction. As the gear teeth pass the inlet port, fluid is
trapped between the gear teeth and the housing, and is then carried
around the housing to the outlet port.
blades
12) Vane Type Pump
bore
The vane type power pump consists of a housing containing four vanes
coupling
(blades), a hollow steel rotor with slots for the vanes, and a coupling to
displaced
turn the rotor.
drawn
hollow rotor The rotor is positioned off center within the sleeve. The vanes, which are
off center
mounted in the slots in the rotor, together with the rotor, divide the bore
sleeve
of the sleeve into four sections. As the rotor turns, each section, in turn,
slots
passes one point where its volume is at a minimum, and another point
where its volume is at a maximum. The volume gradually increases from
minimum to maximum during one-half of a revolution, and gradually
decreases from maximum to minimum during the second half of the
revolution. As the volume of a given section is increasing, that section is
connected to the pump inlet port through a slot in the sleeve. Since
a partial vacuum is produced by the increase in volume of the section,
fluid is drawn into the section through the pump inlet port and the slot in
the sleeve. As the rotor turns through the second half of the revolution,
and the volume of the given section is decreasing, fluid is displaced out
of the section, through the slot in the sleeve, through the outlet port, and
out of the pump.
Rys.5. Vane type pump. [4]
accessory drive
13) Piston type power driven pumps have flanged mounting bases for the
case
purpose of mounting the pumps on the accessory drive cases of aircraft
base
engines and transmissions. A pump drive shaft, which turns the
drive coupling
mechanism, extends through the pump housing slightly beyond the
engage
female splines mounting base.
flange
housing
male splines
piston
plunger
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shaft
torque
Rys.6. Piston type pump. [4]
Torque from the driving unit is transmitted to the pump drive shaft by
a drive coupling. The drive coupling is a short shaft with a set of male
splines on both ends. The splines on one end engage with female splines
in a driving gear; the splines on the other end engage with female splines
in the pump drive shaft.
Rys.7. Pump drive male coupling with shear section. [4]
diameter
14) Pump drive couplings are designed to serve as safety devices. The
jammed
shear section of the drive coupling, located midway between the two sets
midway
of splines, is smaller in diameter than the splines. If the pump becomes
parallel
unusually hard to turn or becomes jammed, this section will shear,
perpendicular
rotary preventing damage to the pump or driving unit.
reciprocal
The basic pumping mechanism of piston type pumps consists of
motion
a multiple bore cylinder block, a piston for each bore, and a valving
safety devices
arrangement for each bore. The purpose of the valving arrangement is to
shear
let fluid into and out of the bores as the pump operates. The cylinder
symmetrical
valving bores lie parallel to and symmetrically around the pump axis. The term
"axial piston pump" is often used in referring to pumps of this
arrangement. Basically these types of pumps changes rotary motion into
reciprocal piston motion.
actuator
15) Hydraulic cylinders (also called linear hydraulic motors) are
clevis
mechanical actuators that are used to give a linear force through a linear
cylinder head
stroke. Very simple hydraulic cylinders are used in presses; here the
linear motor
cylinder consists out of a volume in a piece of iron with a plunger pushed
multiply
piston rod in it and sealed with a cover. By pumping hydraulic fluid in the volume,
sealed
the plunger is pushed out with a force of plunger area multiplied by
shell
pressure. More sophisticated cylinders have a body with end cover,
stroke
a piston rod with piston and a cylinder head. At one side the bottom is
volume
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connected to a single clevis, whereas at the other side, the piston rod also
is foreseen with a single clevis. The cylinder shell normally has hydraulic
connections at both sides. A connection at bottom side and one at
cylinder head side. If oil is pushed under the piston, the piston-rod is
pushed out and oil that was between the piston and the cylinder head is
pushed back to the oil-tank again.
16) In case the retracted length of the cylinder is too long for the cylinder
balanced
to be build in the structure. In this case telescopic cylinders can be used.
actuator
One has to realize that for simple pushing applications telescopic
double acting
cylinders might be available easily; for higher forces and/or double
extend
retract acting cylinders, they must be designed especially and are very
single acting
expensive. If hydraulic cylinders are only used for pushing and the piston
rod is brought in again by other means, one can also use plunger
cylinders. Plunger cylinders have no sealing over the piston, or the piston
does not exist. This means that only one oil connection is necessary. In
general the diameter of the plunger is rather large compared with
a normal piston cylinder.
17) The hydraulic motor is the rotary counterpart of the hydraulic
conceptually
cylinder. Conceptually, a hydraulic motor should be interchangeable with
interchangeable
hydraulic pump, because it performs the opposite function. However,
motor
most hydraulic pumps cannot be used as hydraulic motors because they
rotary
cannot be backdriven.
excessive 18) Hydraulic valves
heavy duty
These valves are usually very heavy duty to stand up to high pressures.
relief
Some special valves can control the direction of the flow of fluid and act
stand up
as a control unit for a system.
thermal
Thermal relief valve. The pressure relief valve is used to relieve
thermal
expansion excessive pressures that may exist due to thermal expansion of the fluid.
pressure gauge 19) Pressure regulation.
pressure
Hydraulic pressure must be regulated in order to use it to perform the
regulator
desired tasks. Pressure regulating systems will always use three
pressure relief
elemental devices; a pressure relief valve, a pressure regulator and a
valve
pressure gauge.
rupture
A pressure relief valve is used to limit the amount of pressure being
exerted on a confined liquid. This is necessary to prevent failure of
components or rupture of hydraulic lines under excessive pressures. The
pressure relief valve is, in effect, a system safety valve.
acute angle
20) The most common types of valve are:
angle
Ball type. In pressure relief valves with a ball type valving device, the
ball type
ball rests on a contoured seat. Pressure acting on the bottom of the ball
cone
pushes it off its seat, allowing the fluid to bypass.
contoured
leakage Sleeve type. In pressure relief valves with a sleeve type valving device,
machined
the ball remains stationary and a sleeve type seat is moved up by the fluid
matched angles
pressure. This allows the fluid to bypass between the ball and the sliding
obtuse angle
sleeve type seat.
poppet type
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right angle
Poppet type. In pressure relief valves with a poppet type valving device,
sleeve type
a cone shaped poppet may have any of several design configurations;
valve seat
however, it is basically a cone and seat machined at matched angles to
prevent leakage.
21) Pressure Regulators
predeterminated
The term "pressure regulator" is applied to a device used in hydraulic
pressurized
systems that are pressurized by constant delivery type pumps. One
range
purpose of the pressure regulator is to manage the output of the pump to
resistance
termed maintain system operating pressure within a predetermined range. The
virtually
other purpose is to permit the pump to turn without resistance (termed
unloading the pump) at times when pressure in the system is within
normal operating range. The pressure regulator is so located in the
system that pump output can get into the system pressure circuit only by
passing through the regulator. The combination of a constant delivery
type pump and the pressure regulator is virtually the equivalent of
a compensator controlled, variable delivery type pump.
bourdon tube
22) Pressure Gauge
drain
The purpose of this gauge is to measure the pressure, in the hydraulic
face
system, used to operate hydraulic units on the aircraft. The gauge uses
moisture
a Bourdon tube and a mechanical arrangement to transmit the tube
vent
expansion to the indicator on the face of the gauge. A vent in the bottom
of the case maintains atmospheric pressure around the Bourdon tube. It
also provides a drain for any accumulated moisture.
chambers
23) The accumulator is a steel sphere divided into two chambers by
continually
a synthetic rubber diaphragm. The upper chamber contains fluid at
cycle
system pressure, while the lower chamber is charged with air.
dampen
The function of an accumulator is to:
leak
preset a. Dampen pressure surges in the hydraulic system caused by actuation of
rubber
a unit and the effort of the pump to maintain pressure at a preset level.
diaphragm
b. Aid or supplement the power pump when several units are operating at
sphere
once by supplying extra power from its "accumulated" or stored power.
supplement
c. Store power for the limited operation of a hydraulic unit when the
supplement
surge pump is not operating.
d. Supply fluid under pressure to compensate for small internal or
external (not desired) leaks which would cause the system to cycle
continuously by action of the pressure switches continually "kicking in."
as such
24) Check Valves
check valve
For hydraulic components and systems to operate as intended, the flow of
exclusively
fluid must be rigidly controlled. Fluid must be made to flow according to
hose
definite plans. Many kinds of valve units are used for exercising such
integral part
must be made control. One of the simplest and most commonly used is the check valve
to flow
which allows free flow of fluid in one direction, but no flow or
orifice
a restricted flow in the opposite direction.
restricted
Check valves are made in two general designs to serve two different
tubing
needs. In one, the check valve is complete within itself. It is
within itself
interconnected with other components with which it operates, by means
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of tubing or hose. Check valves of this design are commonly called in-
line check valves. There are two types of in-line check valves, the simple
type in-line check valve and the orifice type in-line valve. In the other
design, the check valve is not complete within itself because it does not
have a housing exclusively its own. Check valves of this design are
commonly called integral check valves. This valve is actually an integral
part of some major component and, as such, shares the housing of that
component.
pathway
25) Line Disconnect or Quick Disconnect Valves
reverse
These valves are installed in hydraulic lines to prevent loss of fluid when
select
units are removed. Such valves are installed in the pressure and suction
lines of the system just in front of and immediately behind the power
pump.
26) Selector valves.
Selector valves are used to control the direction of movement of an
actuating unit
actuating unit. A selector valve provides a pathway for the simultaneous
pathway
flow of hydraulic fluid into and out of a connected actuating unit.
simultaneous
flow A selector valve also provides a means of immediately and conveniently
switching the directions in which the fluid flows through the actuator,
reversing the direction of movement.
building pressure
27) Pneumatic systems components.
do exist
Pneumatic systems are often compared to hydraulic systems, but such
reservoir
comparisons can only hold true in general terms. Pneumatic systems do
tank
utilizing not utilize reservoirs, hand pumps, accumulators, regulators, or engine
driven or electrically driven power pumps for building normal pressure.
But similarities do exist in some components.
chamber
28) Control valves are also a necessary part of a typical pneumatic
lever
system. The control valve consists of a three port housing, two poppet
lobe
valves, and a control lever with two lobes. A spring holds the poppet
passage
closed so that compressed air entering the pressure port cannot flow to
poppet
spring the brakes.
vent port
One lobe of the lever holds the left poppet open, and a spring closes the
right poppet. Compressed air now flows around the opened left poppet,
through a drilled passage, and into a chamber below the right poppet.
Since the right poppet is closed, the high pressure air flows out of the
brake port and into the brake line to apply the brakes.
To release the brakes, the control valve is returned to the "off" position.
The left poppet now closes, stopping the flow of high pressure air to the
brakes. At the same time, the right poppet is opened, allowing
compressed air in the brake line to exhaust through the vent port and into
the atmosphere.
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29) Restrictors
airflow
Restrictors are a type of control valve used in pneumatic systems. An
orifice
orifice type restrictor have a large inlet port and a small outlet port. The
rate
small outlet port reduces the rate of airflow and the speed of operation of
an actuating unit.
application
30) Brake Shuttle Valve
assembly
The valve consists of a shuttle enclosed by a four port housing. The
brake shuttle
shuttle is a sort of floating piston that can move up or down in the hollow
valve
housing. Normally, the shuttle is down, and in this position it seals off
float
hollow the lower air port and directs hydraulic fluid from the upper port into the
return line
two side ports, each of which leads to a brake assembly. But when the
seal
emergency pneumatic brakes are applied, high pressure air raises the
trap
shuttle, seals off the hydraulic line, and connects air pressure to the side
ports of the shuttle valve. This action sends high pressure air into the
brake cylinder to apply the brakes.
After application and when the emergency brakes are released, the air
valve closes, trapping pressure in the air bottle. At the same time, the air
valve vents the pneumatic brake line to outside air pressure. Then as air
pressure in the brake line drops, the shuttle valve moves to the lower end
of the housing, again connecting the brake cylinders to the hydraulic line.
Air pressure remaining in the brake cylinders then flows out the upper
port of the shuttle valve and into the hydraulic return line.
4.2.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. What is the source of pressure in a hydraulic system?
2. How is the pressure distributed in confined fluid?
3. How big resistance does low wiscosity fluid offer?
4. What are filters in a hydraulic system used for?
5. What does  swept volume refer to?
6. What kind of pump displaces equal volume of liquid per one revolution?
7. What type of hydraulic pump delivers the highest pressure?
8. What is the purpose of the shear section in a drive coupling?
9. What does the linear hydraulic motor stroke refer to?
10. What are telescoping cylinders used for?
11. What does the hydraulic motor stand for?
12. Does a thermal relief valve operate with regard to temperature?
13. Why are walve seats always machined?
14. Why do some hydraulic systems require using pressure regulators?
15. What are the main parts of the accumulator?
16. Where are in-line check walves placed in a hydraulic system?
17. What is the primary function of a selector walve?
18. How does a control walve operate?
19. What is a shuttle walve made up of?
20. What does the force in a hydraulic system depend on?
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4.2.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
Cechą charakterystyczną języka angielskiego, szczególnie widoczną w tekstach
technicznych, jest istnienie  noun strings , czyli rzeczowników złożonych. Zapisz znaczenie
poniższych  noun strings w języku polskim. Zwróć uwagę na zmianę znaczenia
poszczególnych rzeczowników złożonych. Zwróć uwagę na odwrotną kolejność zapisu
wyrazów w języku polskim.
Valve;
& & & & &
Check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & ..
Hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
High pressure hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Engine high pressure hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & .
Auxiliary engine high pressure hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Port auxiliary engine high pressure hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Ostatnie wyrażenie w wersji polskiej to:  hydrauliczny zawór jednokierunkowy wysokiego
ciśnienia lewego silnika pomocniczego .
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) sprawdzić w słowniku znaczenia poszczególnych rzeczowników,
3) w liniach kropkowanych wpisać polską interpretację rzeczownika złożonego,
4) porównać wynik pracy z pracami innych uczniów oraz ze zdaniem podanym na końcu
ćwiczenia.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 papier formatu A4, ołówek, długopis,
 poradnik dla ucznia, słownik techniczny.
Ćwiczenie 2
Podaj znaczenia poniższych  noun strings . Zwróć uwagę na całkowitą zmianę znaczenia
przy dodawaniu kolejnych rzeczowników.
Auxiliary;
& & & & & & & & ..
Auxiliary port;
& & & & & & & & & & .
Auxiliary port engine;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & &
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Auxiliary port engine high pressure;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check valve;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check valve spring;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check valve spring retainer;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check valve spring retainer lock;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Auxiliary port engine high pressure hydraulic check valve spring retainer lock pin;
& & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & & &
Ostatni, dosyć sztuczny przykład, mógłby oznaczać:
 zawleczkę blokującą uchwytu sprężyny znajdującej się w jednokierunkowym zaworze
hydraulicznym wysokiego ciśnienia znajdującym się w lewym silniku pomocniczym .
Zwróć uwagę na to, że błędne określenie ostatniego rzeczownika w  noun string
spowoduje całkowicie błędną interpretację rzeczownika złożonego. Innym typowym błędem
jest nadanie jednemu z rzeczowników znaczenia czasownika.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia:
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować pojęcia,
3) sprawdzić w słowniku technicznym znaczenia poszczególnych rzeczowników,
4) w liniach kropkowanych wpisać polską interpretację rzeczownika złożonego,
5) porównać wynik pracy z pracami innych uczniów oraz przykładem podanym na końcu
ćwiczenia.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
- papier formatu A4, ołówek, długopis,
- poradnik dla ucznia, słownik techniczny.
Ćwiczenie 3
W materiale nauczania z rozdziału 4.2.1. Poradnika dla ucznia znajdz
jak największą
liczbÄ™  noun strings . Zapisz je i podaj polskÄ… interpretacjÄ™.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować materiał nauczania,
3) znalez
ć i wypisać podaną przez nauczyciela liczbę rzeczowników złożonych (nie mniej
niż 10),
4) porównać wynik pracy z innymi uczniami.
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Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
- papier formatu A4, ołówek, długopis,
- poradnik dla ucznia, słownik techniczny.
Ćwiczenie 4
Wykonaj trwajÄ…cÄ… 4 5 minut prezentacjÄ™ w programie PowerPoint, lub Impress
przedstawiającą budowę i zasadę działania zaworu trójdrożnego.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) przeanalizować zadanie,
2) na kartce papieru A4 wykonać plan prezentacji,
3) przeanalizować fragment 30 z materiału nauczania z rozdziału 4.2.1. Poradnika dla
ucznia,
4) wyszukać w Internecie schemat zaworu trójdrożnego,
5) wykonać prezentację,
6) przygotować się do przeprowadzenia prezentacji.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
- papier formatu A4, ołówek, długopis,
- poradnik dla ucznia,
- komputer z dostępem do Internetu i programem PowerPoint lub Impress.
4.2.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz:
Tak Nie
1) zidentyfikować i zinterpretować rzeczowniki złożone?
ðð ðð
2) opisać budowę prostej instalacji hydraulicznej?
ðð ðð
3) wyjaśnić prawo Pascala?
ðð ðð
4) opisać drogę przepływu płynu przez filtr olejowy?
ðð ðð
5) opisać działanie zaworu jednokierunkowego?
ðð ðð
6) opisać działanie siłownika hydraulicznego?
ðð ðð
7) opisać zasadę pracy pompy zębatej?
ðð ðð
8) opisać zasadę pracy pompy łopatkowej?
ðð ðð
9) opisać zasadę pracy pompy tłokowej?
ðð ðð
10) opisać zasadę pracy pompy zaworu trójdrożnego?
ðð ðð
11) nazwać podstawowe rodzaje naprężeń, którym podlegają ciała stałe?
ðð ðð
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4.3. Silniki lotnicze
4.3.1. Materiał nauczania
reciprocal
1) A reciprocating engine, also often known as a piston engine, is a heat
Piston
engine that uses one or more pistons to convert pressure into a rotating
Heat
motion. There may be one or more pistons. Each piston is inside
convert
a cylinder, into which a gas is introduced, either already hot and under
cylinder
ignition pressure (steam engine), or heated inside the cylinder either by ignition
internal
of a fuel air mixture (internal combustion engine) or by contact with a hot
combustion
heat exchanger in the cylinder (sterling engine). The hot gases expand,
engine
pushing the piston to the bottom of the cylinder. The piston is returned to
heat exchanger
the cylinder top (Top Dead Centre) either by a flywheel or the power
expand
shaft from other pistons connected to the same shaft. In most types the
motion
expanded or "exhausted" gases are removed from the cylinder by this
flywheel
stroke. The exception is the Sterling engine, which repeatedly heats and
cools the same sealed quantity of gas. In some designs the piston may be
powered in both directions in the cylinder in which case it is said to be
double acting is steam engine.
four-stroke
2) Today Internal combustion engines in cars, trucks, motorcycles,
intake
construction machinery and many others, most commonly use a four-
compression
stroke cycle. The four strokes refer to intake, compression, combustion
combustion
and exhaust strokes that occur during two crankshaft rotations per
exhaust
crankshaft working cycle. The four steps in this cycle are often informally referred
dead center
to as "suck, squeeze (or squash), bang, blow." The cycle begins at top
descend
dead center (TDC), when the piston is furthest away from the crankshaft.
fuel-air mixture
On the first stroke (intake/induction) of the piston, as the piston descends
it reduces the pressure in the cylinder, a mixture of fuel and air is forced,
by at least atmospheric pressure, into the cylinder through the intake
(inlet) port. The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s) and the
following stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.
spark plug
3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for
gasoline
a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a diesel cycle
exhaust valve
or compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the
compression stroke. The resulting expansion of burning gases pushes the
piston downward for the third stroke (power) and in the fourth stroke
(exhaust) the piston pushes the products of combustion from the cylinder
through an exhaust valve or valves.
4) Valve train. The valves are typically operated by a camshaft, with
valve train
a series of cams along its length, each designed to open a valve
camshaft
appropriately for the execution of intake or exhaust strokes while rotating
cam
at half crankshaft speed. A tappet between valve and cam furnishes
tappet
slide a contact surface on which the cam slides to open the valve. The location
push rod
of the camshaft varies, as does the quantity. Most engines use overhead
rocker arms
cams, in which cams directly actuate valves through a flat tappet. In other
crankcase
engine designs, the cam shaft is placed in the crankcase and its motion
stem
transmitted by a push rod, rocker arms, and valve stems.
clearance
heel Valve clearance is measured with the valve closed, typically at top dead
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cam lobe
centre of the compression stroke. The tappet will be resting on the heel of
feeler gauge
the cam lobe. A feeler gauge must pass through the clearance space. The
blade
feeler gauge should fit in and out with a slight drag. If the feeler gauge
overhead
will not fit in, then the clearance is too small. If the blade of the feeler
gauge fits in too loose then the clearance is too big.
inline
5) Reciprocating engines may be classified according to cylinder
v-type
arrangement with respect to the crankshaft (inline, V-type, radial, and
radial
opposed) or according to the method of cooling (liquid cooled or air
opposed
cooled). Actually, all engines are cooled by transferring excess heat to
excess
surround the surrounding air. In air cooled engines, this heat transfer is direct from
heat transfer
the cylinders to the air. In liquid cooled engines, the heat is transferred
coolant
from the cylinders to the coolant, which is then sent through tubing and
radiator
cooled within a radiator placed in the air stream. The radiator must be
airstream
large enough to cool the liquid efficiently. Heat is transferred to air more
metal fins
slowly than it is to a liquid. Therefore, it is necessary to provide thin
metal fins on the cylinders of an air cooled engine in order to have
increased surface for sufficient heat transfer. Most aircraft engines are air
cooled.
crankcase
6) The foundation of an engine is the crankcase. It contains the bearings
bearing
in which the crankshaft revolves. Besides supporting itself, the crankcase
revolve
must provide a tight enclosure for the lubricating oil and must support
tight
various external and internal mechanisms of the engine. It also provides
attachment
assembly support for attachment of the cylinder assemblies, and the power plant to
rigid
the aircraft. It must be sufficiently rigid and strong to prevent
misalignment
misalignment of the crankshaft and its bearings. Cast or forged aluminum
forged
alloy is generally used for crankcase construction because it is light and
alloy
strong.
cast
backbone
7) The crankshaft is the backbone of the reciprocating engine. It is
subjected
subjected to most of the forces developed by the engine. Its main purpose
connecting rod
is to transform the reciprocating motion of the piston and connecting rod
crank
into rotary motion for rotation of the propeller. The crankshaft, as the
throw
machined name implies, is a shaft composed of one or more cranks located at
crank pin
specified points along its length. The cranks, or throws, are formed by
off center
forging offsets into a shaft before it is machined. Since crankshafts must
main journal
be very strong, they generally are forged from a very strong alloy, such
crank cheeks
as chromium nickel molybdenum steel.
counterweight
damper The crank pin is the section to which the connecting rod is attached. It is
forging offsets
off center from the main journals and is often called the throw. Two
crank cheeks and a crank pin make a throw. Cranckschaft is balanced
with a counterweight and a dynamic damper.
link
8) The connecting rod is the link which transmits forces between the
rigid
piston and the crankshaft. Connecting rods must be strong enough to
load
remain rigid under load and yet be light enough to reduce the inertia
inertia
forces which are produced when the rod and piston stop, change
plain-type
fork direction, and start again at the end of each stroke. There are three types
blade
of connecting rod assemblies: The plain-type connecting rod, the fork
master
and blade connecting rod, and the master and articulated rod assembly.
articulated
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member
9) The piston of a reciprocating engine is a cylindrical member which
back and forth
moves back and forth within a steel cylinder. The piston acts as a moving
combustion
wall within the combustion chamber. As the piston moves down in the
chamber
cylinder, it draws in the fuel/air mixture. As it moves upward, it
charge
downward compresses the charge, ignition occurs, and the expanding gases force the
forgings
piston downward. This force is transmitted to the crankshaft through the
grooves
connecting rod. On the return upward stroke, the piston forces the
surface
exhaust gases from the cylinder.
receive
The majority of aircraft engine pistons are machined from aluminum
piston rings
adequate strength alloy forgings. Grooves are machined in the outside surface of the piston
wear resistance
to receive the piston rings, and cooling fins are provided on the inside of
cooling fins
the piston for greater heat transfer to the engine oil.
uppermost
Pistons may be either the trunk type or the slipper type. Slipper-type
drill
pistons are not used in modern, high powered engines because they do
scraped
pass back not provide adequate strength or wear resistance. The top face of the
skirt
piston, or head, may be either flat, convex, or concave. Recesses may be
excessive
machined in the piston head to present interference with the valves. As
ring lands
many as six grooves may be machined around the piston to accommodate
piston head
the compression rings and oil rings. The compression rings are installed
pin boss
guide in the three uppermost grooves; the oil control rings are installed
surplus
immediately above the piston pin. The piston is usually drilled at the oil
flat
control ring grooves to allow surplus oil scraped from the cylinder walls
convex
by the oil control rings to pass back into the crankcase. An oil scraper
recess
ring is installed at the base of the piston wall or skirt to prevent excessive
concave
interference oil consumption. The portions of the piston walls that lie between each
force
pair of ring grooves are called the ring lands. In addition to acting as
a guide for the piston head, the piston skirt incorporates the piston pin
bosses. The piston pin bosses are of heavy construction to enable the
heavy load on the piston head to be transferred to the piston pin.
conductivity
10) Cylinder Hades. The purpose of the cylinder head is to provide
commence
a place for combustion of the fuel/air mixture and to give the cylinder
burning
more heat conductivity for adequate cooling. The fuel/air mixture is
spark
ignited by the spark in the combustion chamber and commences burning
as the piston travels toward top dead center on the compression stroke.
barrel
11) Cylinder Barrels. In general, the cylinder barrel in which the piston
good bearing
operates must be made of a high strength material, usually steel. It must
material
be as light as possible, yet have the proper characteristics for operating
tensile strength
under high temperatures. It must be made of a good bearing material and
hardened
bear have high tensile strength. The cylinder barrel is made of a steel alloy
exposing
forging with the inner surface hardened to resist wear of the piston and
soaks up
the piston rings which bear against it. This hardening is usually done by
nitrided
exposing the steel to ammonia or cyanide gas while the steel is very hot.
replaceable
The steel soaks up nitrogen from the gas which forms iron nitrides on the
exposed surface. As a result of this process, the metal is said to be
nitrided. Some air cooled cylinder barrels have replaceable aluminum
cooling fins attached to them, while others have the cooling fins
machined as an integral part of the barrel.
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12) Valve Construction. The valves in the cylinders of an aircraft engine
corrosion
are subjected to high temperatures, corrosion, and operating stresses;
stress
thus, the metal alloy in the valves must be able to resist all these factors.
factors
Exhaust valves are usually made of nichrome, silchrome, or cobalt-
nichrome
steel chromium steel. The valve head has a ground face which forms a seal
ground face
against the ground valve seat in the cylinder head when the valve is
seal
closed. The face of the valve is usually ground to an angle of either 30°
durable
or 45°. Valve faces are often made more durable by the application of
welded
a material called stellite. About 1/16 inch of this alloy is welded to the
silchrome
shock and wear valve face and ground to the correct angle. Stellite is resistant to high
stem
temperature corrosion and also withstands the shock and wear associated
neck
with valve operation. The valve stem acts as a pilot for the valve head
junction
and rides in the valve guide installed in the cylinder head for this
tip
purpose. The valve stem is surface hardened to resist wear. The neck is
hammering
rocker arm the part that forms the junction between the head and the stem. The tip of
split ring stem
the valve is hardened to withstand the hammering of the valve rocker arm
keys
as it opens the valve. A machined groove on the stem near the tip
lock ring
receives the split ring stem keys. These stem keys form a lock ring to
spring
hold the valve spring retaining washer in place. Some intake and exhaust
retain
washer valve stems are hollow and partially filled with metallic sodium. This
hollow
material is used because it is an excellent heat conductor. The sodium
heat conductor
will melt at approximately 2080 F, and the reciprocating motion of the
melt
valve circulates the liquid sodium and enables it to carry away heat from
dissipate
the valve head to the valve stem, where it is dissipated through the valve
circulate
valve guide guide to the cylinder head and the cooling fins.
angle
13) The valve mechanism of an opposed engine is operated by
camshaft
a camshaft. The camshaft is driven by a gear that mates with another gear
mates
attached to the crankshaft. As the camshaft revolves, the lobes cause the
lobe
tappet assembly to rise in the tappet guide, transmitting the force through
tappet
clearance the push rod and rocker arm to open the valve. Some aircraft engines
incorporate hydraulic tappets which automatically keep the valve
clearance at zero, eliminating the necessity for any valve clearance
adjustment mechanism.
push rod
14) The push rod, tubular in form, transmits the lifting force from the
tubular
valve tappet to the rocker arm. A hardened steel ball is pressed over or
lift
into each end of the tube.
rocker arm
The rocker arms transmit the lifting force from the cams to the valves.
plain
pivot Rocker arm assemblies are supported by a plain, roller, or ball bearing, or
helical
a combination of these, which serves as a pivot.
coil
Each valve is closed by two or three helical coiled springs. If a single
spring
spring were used, it would vibrate or surge at certain speeds. To
vibrate
eliminate this difficulty, two or more springs (one inside the other) are
surge
roller installed on each valve.
intake
15) Turbine engine construction. In a reciprocating engine the functions
compression
of intake, compression, combustion, and exhaust all take place in the
combustion
same combustion chamber; consequently, each must have exclusive
exhaust
occupancy of the chamber during its respective part of the combustion
exclusive
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simultaneously
cycle. A significant feature of the gas turbine engine, however, is that a
section
separate section is devoted to each function, and all functions are
inlet
performed simultaneously without interruption.
Turbine
1. A typical gas turbine engine consists of:
Exhaust
Accessory 2. An air inlet.
lubrication
3. Compressor section.
supply
4. Combustion section.
feature
5. Turbine section.
axial flow
6. Exhaust section.
centrifugal flow
anti-icing 7. Accessory section.
auxiliary
8. The systems necessary for starting, lubrication, fuel supply, and
auxiliary purposes, such as anti-icing, cooling, and pressurization.
The greatest single factor influencing the construction features of any gas
turbine engine is the type compressor (axial flow or centrifugal flow) for
which the engine is designed.
16) The accessory section of the turbojet engine has various functions.
operation
The primary function is to provide space for the mounting of accessories
control
necessary for operation and control of the engine. Generally, it also
mounting
includes accessories concerned with the aircraft such as electric
electric
generators generators and fluid power pumps. Secondary functions include acting as
oil reservoir
an oil reservoir and/or oil sump, and housing the accessory drive gears
mounting pad
and reduction gears.
gear train
The basic elements of the centrifugal flow engine accessory section are:
bearing support
1. the accessory case, which has machined mounting pads for the engine
oil sump
driven accessories,
2. the gear train, which is housed within the accessory case.
The accessory case may be designed to act as an oil reservoir. If an oil
tank is utilized, a sump is usually provided below the front bearing
support for the drainage and scavenging of oil used to lubricate bearings
and drive gears.
17) The compressor section of the turbojet engine has many functions. Its
turbojet
primary function is to supply air in sufficient quantity to satisfy the
burners
requirements of the combustion burners.
duct
Specifically, to fulfill its purpose, the compressor must increase the
discharge
bleed air pressure of the mass of air received from the air inlet duct and then
port
discharge it to the burners in the quantity and at the pressures required.
adjacent
A secondary function of the compressor is to supply bleed air for various
varying
purposes in the engine and aircraft. The bleed air is taken from any of the
tapping
various pressure stages of the compressor. The exact location of the bleed
pressure stages
ports is, of course, dependent on the pressure or temperature required for
a particular job. The ports are small openings in the compressor case
adjacent to the particular stage from which the air is to be bled; thus,
varying degrees of pressure or heat are available simply by tapping into
the appropriate stage. Air is often bled from the final or highest pressure
stage, since at this point, pressure and air temperature are at a maximum.
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18) The centrifugal flow compressor consists basically of an impeller
centrifugal
(rotor), a diffuser (stator), and a compressor manifold. The two main
impeller
functional elements are the impeller and the diffuser. Although the
rotor
diffuser is a separate unit and is placed inside and bolted to the manifold;
diffuser
stator the entire assembly (diffuser and manifold) is often referred to as the
manifold
diffuser. For clarification during compressor familiarization, the units are
bolted
treated individually. The impeller is usually made from forged aluminum
smoothed
alloy, heat treated, machined, and smoothed for minimum flow
turbulence
restriction and turbulence. In some types the impeller is fabricated from
fabricated
outwardly a single forging. The impeller, whose function is to pick up and
accelerate
accelerate the air outwardly to the diffuser, may be either of two types -
single entry or double entry.
19) The axial flow compressor has two main elements, a rotor and
airfoil
a stator. The rotor has blades fixed on a spindle. These blades impel air
blades
rearward in the same manner as a propeller because of their angle and
compression ratio
airfoil contour. The rotor, turning at high speed, takes in air at the
consecutive
constitutes compressor inlet and impels it through a series of stages. The action of
dovetailed
the rotor increases the compression of the air at each stage and
impel
accelerates it rearward through several stages. With this increased
project
velocity, energy is transferred from the compressor to the air in the form
radially
of velocity energy. The stator blades act as diffusers at each stage,
spindle
velocity partially converting high velocity to pressure. Each consecutive pair of
rotor and stator blades constitutes a pressure stage. The number of rows
of blades (stages) is determined by the amount of air and total pressure
rise required. The greater the number of stages, the higher the
compression ratio.
Most present-day engines utilize from 10 to 16 stages.
The stator has rows of blades, or vanes, dovetailed into split rings, which
are in turn attached inside an enclosing case. The stator vanes project
radially toward the rotor axis and fit closely on either side of each stage
of the rotor.
20) The combustion section houses the combustion process, which raises
contained
the temperature of the air passing through the engine. This process
reaction
releases energy contained in the air/fuel mixture.
jet
The major part of this energy is required at the turbine to drive the
fuel/air mixture
casing compressor. The remaining energy creates the reaction or propulsion and
perforated
passes out the rear of the engine in the form of a high velocity jet.
liner
The primary function of the combustion section is, of course, to burn the
injection
fuel/air mixture, thereby adding heat energy to the air.
drainage
All combustion chambers contain the same basic elements:
shutdown
can (1) A casing.
annular
(2) A perforated inner liner.
basket
(3) A fuel injection system.
(4) Some means for initial ignition.
(5) A fuel drainage system to drain off unburned fuel after engine
shutdown. There are currently three basic types of combustion chambers.
These types are:
(1) The multiple chamber or can type.
(2) The annular or basket type.
(3) The can annular type.
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sole
21) The turbine transforms a portion of the kinetic (velocity) energy of
load
the exhaust gases into mechanical energy to drive the compressor and
aft
accessories. This is the sole purpose of the turbine and this function
downstream
absorbs approximately 60 to 80% of the total pressure energy from the
outlet
buckets exhaust gases. The exact amount of energy absorption at the turbine is
fir tree
determined by the load the turbine is driving; that is, the compressor size
retain
and type, number of accessories, and a propeller and its reduction gears if
peening
the engine is a turbopropeller type. The turbine section of a turbojet
welding
engine is located aft, or downstream of the combustion chamber section.
locktab
rivet Specifically, it is directly behind the combustion chamber outlet.
perimeter
There are various ways of attaching turbine blades or buckets, some
shrouded
similar to compressor blade attachment. The most satisfactory method
multiple
used is the fir tree design. The blades are retained in their respective
two spool
grooves by a variety of methods; some of the more common ones are
split spool
join peening, welding, locktabs, and riveting.
Most turbines are open at the outer perimeter of the blades; however,
a second type called the shrouded turbine is sometimes used. The
shrouded turbine blades, in effect, form a band around the outer
perimeter of the turbine wheel.
In the multiple rotor turbine the power is developed by two or more
rotors. It is possible for each turbine rotor to drive a separate part of the
engine. For example, a triple rotor turbine can be so arranged that the
first turbine drives the rear half of the compressor and the accessories, the
second turbine drives the front half of the compressor, and the third
turbine furnishes power to a propeller.
The turbine rotor arrangement for a dual rotor turbine (two spool), such
as required for a split spool compressor, is similar to the previous
arrangement. The difference is that where the third turbine is used for
a propeller in, it would be joined with the second turbine to make a two
stage turbine for driving the front compressor.
exhaust section
22) The exhaust section is located directly behind the turbine section and
exhaust cone
ends when the gases are ejected at the rear in the form of a high velocity
tailpipe
jet. The components of the exhaust section include the exhaust cone,
jet nozzle
tailpipe (if required), and the exhaust or jet nozzle.
bearing
23) There are four major types of turbine bearings: ball bearing, roller
ball bearing
bearing, sleeve bearing, slipper bearing.
roller
A typical ball or roller bearing assembly includes a bearing support
sleeve
housing, which must be strongly constructed and supported in order to
slipper
leak carry the radial and axial loads of the rapidly rotating rotor. The bearing
spray nozzles
housing usually contains oil seals to prevent the oil leaking from its
oil seals
normal path of flow. It also delivers the oil to the bearing for its
labyrinth
lubrication, usually through spray nozzles.
maze
The oil seals may be the labyrinth or thread (helical) type. These seals
helical
shaft also may be pressurized to minimize oil leaking along the compressor
reverse
shaft. The labyrinth seal is usually pressurized, but the helical seal
threading
depends solely on reverse threading to stop oil leakage.
spring loaded
Another type of oil seal used on some of the later engines is the carbon
carbon seal
seal. These seals are usually spring loaded and are similar in material and
brushes
housing application to the carbon brushes used in electrical motors.
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4.3.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. What are the main parts of a reciprocating engine?
2. What does the internal combustion engine stand for?
3. What is the ignition system used for?
4. What does valve train refer to?
5. What are the engine fins used for?
6. What shape do piston heads have?
7. How does the sodium valve dissipate heat?
8. What are the major turbine engine sections?
9. Where is the accessory section located?
10. What are the main types of turbine engine compressors?
11. What does the 16-stage compressor stand for?
12. What is one stage of a compressor composed of?
13. What is the drainage system used for?
14. What does the two-spool engine refer to?
15. Where is the exhaust section located?
16. Can you enlist four types of bearings?
17. What does the maze seal refer to?
4.3.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
Wykonaj rysunek silnika parowego wraz z nazwami jego poszczególnych elementów
w języku angielskim. Na podstawie rysunku przedstaw zasadę działania silnika parowego.
Wykorzystaj rysunki dostępne w Internecie na licencji  Public Domain lub  GNU .
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) wykonać rysunek silnika parowego, lub wykorzystać gotowy rysunek zamieszczony
w Internecie na licencji  Public Domain lub  GNU ,
3) zidentyfikować główne elementy silnika parowego,
4) zaimportować rysunek do programu Writer, Impression,
5) nanieść na rysunek opisy elementów silnika.
6) przygotować prezentację na podstawie wykonanego rysunku.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu oraz programem Word, Powerpoint lub Writer,
Impression,
 papier A4,
 ołówek,
 kolorowe flamastry.
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik techniczny.
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
33
Ćwiczenie 2
Na podstawie dołączonego wzoru (rys. do ćwiczenia 2) wykonaj  mapę dla
poszczególnych słów kluczowych zamieszczonych przy każdym artykule. Zwróć największą
uwagÄ™ na znaczenia majÄ…ce odniesienie do techniki lotniczej.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) zorganizować stanowisko pracy do wykonania ćwiczenia,
2) przeanalizować wzór  mapy ,
3) wybrać słownictwo do analizy,
4) sprawdzić jego znaczenie w słowniku technicznym,
5) wykonać  mapę .
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu oraz programem Word, Powerpoint lub Writer,
Impression,
 komputerowy słownik techniczny,
 opcjonalnie  papier A4, flamastry, słownik techniczny,
 poradnik dla ucznia.
transducer screen
number pump
ohm >mho
reciprocal reciprocating
compressor
engine
rule
motion
blower
cam
Rys. do ćwiczenia 2. Wzór  mapy
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
34
4.3.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz: Tak Nie
1) scharakteryzować budowę i działanie silnika tłokowego?
ðð ðð
2) scharakteryzować budowę i działanie układu rozrządu?
ðð ðð
3) podać przykład silników o spalaniu wewnętrznym i zewnętrznym?
ðð ðð
4) opisać budowę korbowodu?
ðð ðð
5) wymienić nazwy głównych komponentów silnika turbinowego?
ðð ðð
6) opisać budowę sprężarki odśrodkowej?
ðð ðð
7) opisać budowę sprężarki osiowej?
ðð ðð
8) opisać budowę komory spalania?
ðð ðð
9) opisać rolę turbiny?
ðð ðð
10) opisać budowę łożysk tocznych i ślizgowych?
ðð ðð
11) opisać działanie uszczelnień w silniku turbinowym?
ðð ðð
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
35
4.4. UrzÄ…dzenia radiowe i radiowo-nawigacyjne
4.4.1. Materiał nauczania
1) For the purpose of electronics and electrical engineering, materials are
clamping
classified according to their electrical resistance, which describes how
conductivity
readily they allow electric current to pass when a voltage is applied.
conductors
Apart from conductors, materials are classed as insulators (very poor
copper
cryogenic conductors), semi-conductors (materials whose ability to conduct
current
electricity can be controlled), and superconductors which (below
electronics
a critical temperature, usually cryogenic) offer no significant electrical
indefinitely
resistance, allowing circular currents, once established, to flow
insulators
indefinitely.
light-gauge
mitigate Of the metals commonly used for conductors, copper, has a high
readily
conductivity. Silver is more conductive, but due to cost it is not practical
resistance
in most cases. However, it is used in specialized equipment, such as
semi-conductors
satellites, and as a thin plating to mitigate skin effect losses at high
silver
frequencies. Because of its ease of connection by soldering or clamping,
skin effect
soldering copper is still the most common choice for most light-gauge wires.
superconductors
wire
2) A printed circuit board, or PCB, is used to mechanically support and
assembly
electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, or
board
traces, etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive
densities
substrate. Alternative names are printed wiring board (PWB),and etched
etched
pathways wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed
PCA
circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly
PCB
(PCBA).
printed circuit
Surface-mount technology was developed in the 1960s, gained
soldered
momentum in Japan in the early 1980s and became widely used globally
Surface-mount
tabs by the mid 1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have
through-hole
small metal tabs or end caps that could be directly soldered to the surface
mounting
of the PCB. Components became much smaller and component
traces
placement on both sides of the board became far more common with
surface-mounting than through-hole mounting, allowing much higher
circuit densities.
Rys.8. Printed circuit board [13]
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
36
3) If two or more circuit components are connected end to end like
across
a daisy chain, it is said they are connected in series. A series circuit is
capacitance
a single path for electric current through all of its components.
capacitor
If two or more circuit components are connected like the rungs of
chain
charge buildup a ladder it is said they are connected in parallel. A parallel circuit is
charge density
a different path for current through each of its components. A parallel
circuit
circuit provides the same voltage across all its components.
current-coupled
Series circuits are sometimes called current-coupled or daisy chain-
disperse
coupled. The current that flows in a series circuit has to flow through
junction rule
Kirchhoff's every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in
Current Law
a series connection carry the same current. To find the total resistance of
magnitude
all the components, add the individual resistances of each component:
Ohm's Law
Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-
parallel circuit
coupled inductors in series is equal to the sum of their individual
polarities
potential inductances:
difference
Capacitors follow a different law. The total capacitance of capacitors in
reciprocal
series is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their
repulsive
individual capacitances:
rungs
If two or more components are connected in parallel they have the same
Series circuit
single path potential difference (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences
sum of the
across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have
reciprocals
identical polarities. Hence, the same voltage is applicable to all circuit
total resistance
components connected in parallel. The total current  I is the sum of the
currents through the individual components, in accordance with
Kirchhoff's Current Law. The current in each individual resistor is found
by Ohm's Law. This law is also called Kirchhoff's first law, Kirchhoff's
point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule, and Kirchhoff's first rule.
The principle of conservation of electric charge implies that:
At any point in an electrical circuit where charge density is not changing
in time, the sum of currents flowing towards that point is equal to the
sum of currents flowing away from that point.
A charge density changing in time would mean the accumulation of a net
positive or negative charge, which typically cannot happen to any
significant degree because of the strength of electrostatic forces: the
charge buildup would cause repulsive forces to disperse the charges.
Rys.9. Kirchhoff's junction rule [14]
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
37
4) A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in
capacitor
the electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The
charging
process of storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and
condensers
involves electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity,
differentiate
electric field building up on each plate.
electrical circuit
Capacitors are often used in electrical circuit and electronic circuits as
electronic device
energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between
energy-storage
high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property makes them
equal
useful in electronic filters.
filters
high-frequency Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is considered
low-frequency
an antiquated term in English, but most other languages use an
magnitude
equivalent, like "Kondensator" in German.
opposite polarity
plates
referred to as
store energy
Rys.10. Capacitor [15]
5) Communications and navigation are the two major functions of
airborne
airborne radio. Communication systems primarily involve voice
area navigation
transmission and reception between aircraft or aircraft and ground
communication
stations. Radios are used in aircraft as navigational aids in a number of
direction finder
DME applications. They range from a simple radio direction finder to
glide slope
navigational systems which use computers and other advanced electronic
ILS instrument
techniques to automatically solve the navigational problems for an entire
landing system
flight. Marker beacon receivers, instrument landing systems (involving
marker beacon
radio signals for glide slope and direction), distance measuring
navigation
navigational aids equipment, radar, area navigation systems, and omnidirectional radio
omnidirectional
receivers are but a few basic applications of airborne radio navigation
receiver
systems available for installation and use in aircraft.
transmission
transmitter
6) A transceiver is a device that has both a transmitter and a receiver
AM
which are combined and share common circuitry or a single housing. If
amplitude
no circuitry is common between transmit and receive functions, the
modulation
device is a transmitter-receiver. The term originated in the early 1920s.
circuitry
device Technically, transceivers must combine a significant amount of the
fluctuate
transmitter and receiver handling circuitry. Similar devices include
FM frequency
transponders, transverters, and repeaters.
modulation
AM broadcast radio sends music and voice in the Medium Frequency
housing
(MF 0.300 MHz to 3 MHz) radio spectrum. AM radio uses amplitude
interference
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
38
microphone
modulation, in which the amplitude of the transmitted signal is made
modulate
proportional to the sound amplitude captured (transduced) by the
multiple
microphone while the transmitted frequency remains unchanged.
proportional
FM broadcast radio sends music and voice with higher fidelity than AM
repeaters
static radio. In frequency modulation, amplitude variation at the microphone
subject to
causes the transmitter frequency to fluctuate. Because the audio signal
transceiver
modulates the frequency and not the amplitude, an FM signal is not
transducer
subject to static and interference in the same way as AM signals. FM is
transmitter-
transmitted in the Very High Frequency (VHF 30 MHz to 300 MHz)
receiver
transponders radio spectrum. Aviation voice radios use VHF AM. AM is used so that
transverters
multiple stations on the same channel can be received. (Use of FM would
variation
result in stronger stations blocking out reception of weaker stations due
to FM's capture effect).
7) All satellite navigation systems use satellites with precision clocks.
satellite
The satellite transmits its position, and the time of the transmission. The
navigation
receiver listens to four satellites, and can figure its position as being on
spherical shell
a line that is tangent to a spherical shell around each satellite, determined
tangent
time-of-flight by the time-of-flight of the radio signals from the satellite. A computer in
the receiver does the math.
8) Major advance in "beam based" navigation system was the use of two
beam
signals that varied not in sound, but in phase. In these systems, known as
bouncing
VHF omnidirectional range, or VOR, a single master signal is sent out
continually
continually from the station, and a highly directional second signal is sent
directional
in sound out that varies in phase 30 times a second compared to the master. This
master signal
signal is timed so that the phase varies as the secondary antenna spins,
omnidirectional
such that when the antenna is 90 degrees from north, the signal is 90
phase
degrees out of phase of the master. By comparing the phase of the
phase
secondary signal to the master, the angle can be determined without any
range
surface physical motion in the receiver. This angle is then displayed in the
take a fix
cockpit of the aircraft, and can be used to take a fix just like the earlier
Timed signal
RDF systems, although it is, in theory, easier to use and more accurate.
VOR
Radar (Radio Detection And Ranging) detects objects at a distance by
bouncing radio waves off them. The delay caused by the echo measures
the distance. The direction of the beam determines the direction of the
reflection. The polarization and frequency of the return can sense the
type of surface.
colocated
9) Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) is a transponder-based radio
delay
navigation technology that measures distance by timing the propagation
Distance
delay of VHF or UHF radio signals. Aircraft use DME to determine their
Measuring
distance from a land-based transponder by sending and receiving pulse
Equipment
DME pairs - two pulses of fixed duration and separation. The ground stations
enroute
are typically colocated with VORs. A typical DME ground transponder
fixed duration
system for enroute or terminal navigation will have a 1 kW peak pulse
output
output on the assigned UHF channel.
peak pulse
propagation
pulse
separation
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
39
approach system
10) The Instrument Landing System (ILS) is a ground-based instrument
comparison
approach system which provides precise guidance to an aircraft
guidance
approaching a runway, using a combination of radio signals and, in many
ILS instrument
cases, high-intensity lighting arrays to enable a safe landing during
landing system
lighting arrays instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), such as low ceilings or
modulation depth
reduced visibility due to fog, rain, or blowing snow. An ILS consists of
runway
two independent sub-systems, one providing lateral guidance (Localizer),
sub-systems
the other vertical guidance (Glideslope or Glide Path) to aircraft
approaching a runway. Aircraft guidance is provided by the ILS receivers
in the aircraft by performing a modulation depth comparison.
11) Radio altimeters are used to measure the distance from the aircraft to
alternating
the ground. This is accomplished by transmitting radio frequency energy
altimeter
to the ground and receiving the reflected energy at the aircraft. Most
carrier frequency
modern day altimeters are pulse type and the altitude is determined by
conductor
core measuring the time required for the transmitted pulse to hit the ground
electromagnetic
and return. The indicating instrument will indicate the true altitude of the
field
aircraft, which is its height above water, mountains, buildings, or other
electromagnetic
objects on the surface of the earth.
spectrum
On most installations marker beacons operating at a carrier frequency of
extinguishes
frequency bands 75 MHz are provided. When the transmission from a marker beacon is
illuminate
received it activates an indicator on the pilot's instrument panel and the
indicator
tone of the beacon is audible to the pilot.
marker beacons
The principle of radio communication can be illustrated by using a
reflect
simple transformer. As shown in figure 11, closing the switch in the
secondary circuit
transformer primary circuit causes the lamp in the secondary circuit to be illuminated.
wireless
Opening the switch extinguishes the light.
Rys.11. Transformer [4]
There is no direct connection between the primary and secondary
circuits. The energy that illuminates the light is transmitted by an
alternating electromagnetic field in the core of the transformer. This is
a simple form of wireless control of one circuit (the secondary) by
another circuit (the primary). The basic concept of radio communications
involves the transmission and reception of electromagnetic (radio) energy
waves through space. Alternating current passing through a conductor
creates electromagnetic fields around the conductor.
The radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum extends
from approximately 30 kHz (kilohertz) to 30,000 MHz (Megahertz).
As a matter of convenience, this part of the spectrum is divided into
frequency bands. Each band or frequency range produces different
effects in transmission.
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
40
amplify
12) A transmitter may be considered as a generator which changes
circuit
electrical power into radio waves. A transmitter must perform these
frequency doubler
functions: (1) Generate a RF (radio frequency) signal, (2) amplify the RF
generator
signal, and (3) provide a means of placing intelligence on the signal.
intelligence
modulator The transmitter contains an oscillator circuit to generate the RF signal (or
multiplier
a subharmonic of the transmitter frequency, if frequency doublers or
oscillator
multipliers are used) and amplifier circuits to increase the output of the
subharmonic
oscillator to the power level required for proper operation.
waves
Rys.12. Transmitter and receiver set. [4]
The voice (audio) intelligence is added to the RF signal by a special
circuit called the modulator. The modulator uses the audio signal to vary
the amplitude or frequency of the RF signal. If the amplitude is varied,
the process is called amplitude modulation or AM. If the frequency is
varied, the process is known as frequency modulation or FM.
13) The communications receiver must select radio frequency signals and
ac signal
convert the intelligence contained on these signals into a usable form;
convert
either audible signals for communication and audible or visual signal for
current
navigation. Radio waves of many frequencies are present in the air.
demodulator
detector A receiver must be able to select the desired frequency from all those
discriminator
present and amplify the small ac signal voltage. The receiver contains
electrical circuit
a demodulator circuit to remove the intelligence. If the demodulator
electromagnetic
circuit is sensitive to amplitude changes, it is used in AM sets and called
radiate
a detector. A demodulator circuit that is sensitive to frequency changes is
select
sensitive used for FM reception and is known as a discriminator.
An antenna is a special type of electrical circuit designed to radiate and
receive electromagnetic energy. As mentioned previously, a transmitting
antenna is a conductor which radiates electromagnetic waves when
a radio frequency current is passed through it.
acoustical
14) A microphone is essentially an energy converter that changes
converter
acoustical (sound) energy into corresponding electrical energy. When
diaphragm
spoken into a microphone, the audio pressure waves generated strike the
instantaneous
diaphragm of the microphone causing it to move in and out in accordance
microphone
pressure waves with the instantaneous pressure delivered to it.
15) The power supply is a component that furnishes the correct voltages
AC/ DC voltage
and current needed to operate the communication equipment. The power
alternating current
supply can be a separate component or it may be contained within the
current
equipment it supplies. Electromechanical devices used as electronic
direct current
dynamotors power supplies include dynamotors and inverters. The dynamotor
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
41
electromechanical
performs the dual functions of motor and generator, changing the
furnishes
relatively low voltage of the aircraft electrical system into a much higher
generator
value. The multivibrator is another type of voltage supply used to obtain
inverters
a high ac or dc voltage from a comparatively low dc voltage.
motor
multivibrator In many aircraft, the primary source of electric power is direct current.
periodically
An inverter is used to supply the required alternating current. Common
power supply
aircraft inverters consist of a dc motor driving an ac generator. Static or
semiconductor
solid state inverters are replacing the electromechanical inverters in many
solid state
applications. Static inverters have no moving parts, but use
voltage
semiconductor devices and circuits that periodically pulse dc current
through the primary of a transformer to obtain an ac output from the
secondary.
4.4.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. What are the four types of materials according to their resistance?
2. What is a PCB made up of?
3. What is the total resistance in a series circuit?
4. What is the total capacitance in a series circuit?
5. What is the total resistance in a parallel circuit?
6. What is the total capacitance in a parallel circuit?
7. What does Kirchhoff's first law state?
8. What is a capacitor made up of?
9. What are radios used for in an aircraft?
10. What does a transceiver stand for?
11. Why do aviation voice radios use amplitude modulation?
12. How many signals does the VOR send to the aircraft?
13. What is a DME used for?
14. What does an ILS system consist of?
15. What is the radio altimeter used for?
16. What are the main components of a transformer?
17. How does a FM radio work?
18. What is a demodulator circuit used for?
19. What is the movable part of a microphone called?
20. What is a  solid state device referred to?
4.4.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
KorzystajÄ…c z oferty sklepu internetowego  http://www.electronicplus.com/  sprawdz

cenę elementów niezbędnych do naprawy 50 prostowników prądu stałego oraz koszty wysyłki
zamówienia.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) sprawdzić w słowniku znaczenie nazw zamawianych elementów,
2) wyszukać na podanej stronie internetowej wymienione części, sprawdzić ich cenę, oraz
nacisnąć ikonę  dodaj do koszyka ,
3) sprawdzić cenę zamówienia, oraz koszty wysyłki po wprowadzeniu opcji najszybszej
wysyłki, kraju przeznaczenia, kodu pocztowego.
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
42
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu,
 poradnik dla ucznia, słownik techniczny.
Parametry prostownika.
Napięcie zasilania  110V.
Napięcie wyjściowe prostownika  9V-12V.
Natężenie prądu na wyjściu - 1A.
Rys. do ćwiczenia 1. Prostownik prądu stałego [16]
Wykaz podzespołów do zamówienia po 50 sztuk.
Part # Description
2 AMP 200 VOLT FULL WAVE BRIDGE (CONVERTS AC VOLTAGE TO DC VOLTAGE) -
167
FLAT PACKAGE WITH 4 SOLDER LEADS
SECONDARY RATING: 12 VOLTS AC @ 2.5 AMPS TRANSFORMER-SIZE: 4.00" x 3.25" x
P-6434
3.00"
Ćwiczenie 2
KorzystajÄ…c z oferty sklepu internetowego  http://www.electronicplus.com/ - znajdz

dane teleadresowe niezbędne do prowadzenia korespondencji z firmą  Electronicplus ,
wysłania poczty e-mail, faksu oraz złożenia zamówienia drogą telefoniczną.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) otworzyć stronę http://www.electronicplus.com,
2) przeanalizować informacje zawarte na stronie,
3) znalez
ć i zapisać dane teleadresowe oraz godziny pracy firmy  Electronicplus ,
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu,
 poradnik dla ucznia.
Ćwiczenie 3
Korzystając z danych teleadresowych uzyskanych w wyniku wykonania ćwiczeniu 2,
napisz faks z zamówieniem na 50 sztuk poniższych podzespołów.
Part # Description Quantity
2 AMP 200 VOLT FULL WAVE BRIDGE (CONVERTS AC VOLTAGE TO DC
167 50
VOLTAGE)-FLAT PACKAGE WITH 4 SOLDER LEADS
P-6434 SECONDARY RATING: 12 VOLTS AC @ 2.5 AMPS TRANSFORMER-SIZE: 50
 Projekt współfinansowany ze środków Europejskiego Funduszu Społecznego
43
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) wyszukać w słowniku, Internecie wzór listu oficjalnego,
2) napisać list zgodnie ze wzorem,
3) użyć stylu  blok , w którym wszystkie akapity zaczynają sie od lewego brzegu strony,
4) podać pełną nazwę i dane teleadresowe firmy zamawiajacej,
5) podać nazwę i dane firmy realizującej zamówienie,
6) użyć zwrotu do adresata  Dear Sir/Madam ,
7) rozpocząć treść zamówienia zwrotem  I would like to order goods listed below
8) wypisać zamawiane części w formie tabelarycznej zawierającej numer katalogowy
części, krótki opis, ilośc zamawianych sztuk,
9) poniżej zamówienia podać obowiązkowo  Shipping address:
10) podać także  Shipping method jeżeli masz jakiś wybór np.  UPS Worldwide Saver
11) użyć oryginalnego druku zamówień jeśli firma realizujaca zamówienie taki udostępnia,
12) zamówienie napisać na komputerze, gdyż pismo odręczne jest interpretowane różnie
w poszczególnych krajach. Napisana w Polsce odręcznie cyfra 1 jest prawie zawsze
traktowana w USA jako cyfra 7.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu,
 poradnik dla ucznia, słownik języka angielskiego.
Ćwiczenie 4
Korzystając z danych teleadresowych uzyskanych w wyniku wykonania ćwiczeniu 2 oraz
informacji uzyskanych w wyniku wykonania ćwiczenia 3, dokonaj zamówienia telefonicznego
poniższych podzespołów zgodnie z tabelą. Poproś o jak najszybszą realizację następującego
zamówienia.
Part # Description Qty.
12 VDC MECHANICAL SOLENOID WITH 5/16" DIAMETER METAL ROD THAT
SOL820
IS PULLED IN UPON APPLICATION OF VOLTAGE-SIZE: 7/8" WIDE x 1-1/8" 10
0
LONG x 1-1/8" HIGH
86 DEGREES FAHRENHEIT (30 DEGREES CENTIGRADE) FLAT DISC
THERMOSTAT (15 AMPS MAXIMUM)-(CIRCUIT CLOSES AT DESCRIBED
SAS-30A 8
TEMPERATURE)-WILL AUTOMATICALLY RESET ONCE ALLOWED TO
COOL
100 to 280 VOLTS AC COIL INPUT WITH 24 to 330 VOLTS AC @ 10 AMPS
RS3- SWITCHING CAPABILITY SOLID STATE RELAY-NORMALLY OPEN SINGLE
31
1A10-52 POLE SINGLE THROW (S.P.S.T.) CONTACT-SIZE: 2.25" LONG x 1.75" WIDE
x .95" HIGH
3 AMPS @ 200 VOLTS GENERAL PURPOSE RECTIFIER-AXIAL SOLDER
5802 12
LEADS-DO-27 CASE
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) przeanalizować dane zawarte w tabeli,
2) wykorzystać informacje uzyskane podczas realizacji ćwiczeń 2 i 3,
3) wykonać  symulowaną rozmowę telefoniczną.
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Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik języka angielskiego.
Ćwiczenie 5
Dokonaj tłumaczenia nazw podzespołów elektrycznych i elektronicznych przedstawionych
na rysunku do ćwiczenia 5. Skorzystaj ze słownika technicznego oraz z informacji
przedstawionych na stronie internetowej http://www.technologystudent.com/elec1/elecex.htm
transformer, iron core thermistor on-off switch
cell
battery coil, inductor, solenoid rheostat push switch
DC power supply ground potentiometer push-to-break switch
+ -
AC power supply wires joined, variable resistor single pole double
not joined, throw switch
not joined
~
resistor lamp (lighting) LDR  light dependent double pole single
resistor throw switch
fuse Lamp (indicator) earphone earth, ground
motor heater speaker voltmeter
V
M
bell reed switch microphone ohmmeter
©
LED capacitor amplifier ammeter
A
photodiode trimmer capacitor relay oscilloscope
phototransistor variable capacitor aerial galvanometer
Rys. do ćwiczenia 5. Symbole podzespołów elektronicznych.
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Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) przeanalizować rysunek,
2) znalez
ć wskazaną stronę internetową,
3) porównać symbole i dołączone do nich rysunki
4) wypisać tłumaczenia nazw poszczególnych symboli.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik języka angielskiego.
4.4.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz:
Tak Nie
1) odszukać w katalogu, lub na stronie internetowej wskazaną część
elektronicznÄ…?
ðð ðð
2) napisać fax, lub e-mail w formacie listu oficjalnego?
ðð ðð
3) wykonać rozmowę telefoniczną w celu zamówienia brakujących
części?
ðð ðð
4) nazwać podstawowe podzespoły elektroniczne?
ðð ðð
5) scharakteryzować właściwości obwodu szeregowego i równoległego?
ðð ðð
6) nazwać główne podzespoły nadajnika i odbiornika radiowego?
ðð ðð
7) nazwać główne elementy systemu lądowania ILS?
ðð ðð
8) opisać zasadę pracy radiowysokościomierza?
ðð ðð
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4.5. Podstawowe operacje obróbki ręcznej i mechanicznej
4.5.1. Materiał nauczania
1) Metals can be joined by mechanical means (bolting or riveting, or by
acetylene
welding, brazing, soldering or adhesive bonding). All of these methods
adhesive bonding
are used in aircraft construction. This chapter will discuss the methods
alloys
used to join metals by welding, brazing, and soldering.
arc
blows Welding is the process of joining metal by fusing the materials while
bolting
they are in a plastic or molten state. There are three general types of
brazing
welding: (1) Gas, (2) electric arc, and (3) electric resistance welding.
chrome
Each of these types of welding has several variations which are
equipment rig
used in aircraft construction.
extinguisher
flame Gas welding is accomplished by heating the ends or edges of metal parts
flint lighter
to a molten state with a high temperature flame. This flame is produced
fusing
with a torch burning a special gas such as acetylene or hydrogen with
goggles
pure oxygen. The metals, when in a molten state, flow together to form
hose
a union without the application of mechanical pressure or blows.
hydrogen
joined Aircraft parts fabricated from chrome-molybdenum or mild carbon steel
mild carbon steel
are often gas welded. There are two types of gas welding in common use:
mixing head
(1) Oxyacetylene and (2) oxyhydrogen. Nearly all gas welding in aircraft
molten
construction is done with an oxyacetylene flame, although some
molten
manufacturers prefer an oxyhydrogen flame for welding aluminum
molybdenum
oxyacetylene alloys.
oxygen
Oxyacetylene welding equipment may be either stationary or portable.
plastic
A portale equipment rig consists of the following:
portable
(1) Two cylinders, one containing oxygen and one acetylene.
riveting
(2) Acetylene and oxygen pressure regulators, complete with pressure
soldering
stationary gauges and connections.
tips
(3) A welding torch, with a mixing head, extra tips and connections.
torch
(4) Two lengths of colored hose, with adapter connections for the torch
union
and regulators.
welding
(5) A special wrench.
wrench
(6) A pair of welding goggles.
(7) A flint lighter.
(8) A fire extinguisher.
2) Types of damage and defects which may be observed on parts of this
adjacent
assembly are defined as follows:
blow
BRINELLING - Occurrence of shallow, spherical depressions in
bore
a surface, usually produced by a part having a small radius in contact
build-up
bulge with the surface under high load.
bump
BURNISHING - Polishing of one surface by sliding contact with
cavity
a smooth, harder surface. Usually no displacement nor removal of metal.
chattering
BURR - A small, thin section of metal extending beyond a regular
chisel
surface, usually located at a corner or on the edge of a bore or hole.
contour
depressions CORROSION - Loss of metal from the surface by chemical or
discoloration
electrochemical action. The corrosion products generally are easily
displacement
removed by mechanical means. Iron rust is an example of corrosion.
excessive
CRACK - A physical separation of two adjacent portions of metal,
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excessive
evidenced by a fine or thin line across the surface, caused by excessive
extend
stress at that point. It may extend inward from the surface from a few
extraneous
thousandths inch to completely through the section thickness.
few thousandths
CUT - Loss of metal, usually to an appreciable depth over a relatively
forging
friction long and narrow area, by mechanical means, as would occur with the use
glancing
of a saw blade, chisel or sharp-edged stone striking a glancing blow.
grit
DENT - Indentation in a metal surface produced by an object striking
grooves
with force. The surface surrounding the indentation will usually be
high load
slightly upset.
hole
iron rust EROSION - Loss of metal from the surface by mechanical action of
polishing
foreign objects. Such as grit or fine sand. The eroded area will be rough
radius
and may be lined in the direction in which the foreign material moved
rolling
relative to the surface.
saw blade
CHATTERING - Breakdown or deterioration of metal surface by
separation
shallow vibratory or "chattering" action. Usually no loss of metal or cracking of
sliding
surface but generally showing similar appearance.
slightly upset
GALLING - Breakdown (or build-up) of metal surfaces due to excessive
spherical
friction between two parts having relative motion. Particles of the softer
stress
metal are torn loose and "welded" to the harder.
tear
GOUGE - Grooves in, or breakdown of, a metal surface from contact
with foreign material under heavy pressure. Usually indicates metal loss
but may be largely displacement of material.
INCLUSION - Presence of foreign or extraneous material wholly within
a portion of metal. Such material is introduced during the manufacture of
rod, bar or tubing by rolling or forging.
NICK - Local break or notch on edge. Usually displacement of metal
rather than loss.
PITTING - Sharp, localized breakdown (small, deep cavity) of metal
surface, usually with defined edges.
SCRATCH - Slight tear or break in metal surface from light, momentary
contact by foreign material.
SCORE - Deeper (than scratch) tear or break in metal surface from
contact under pressure. May show discoloration from temperature
produced by friction.
STAIN - A change in color, locally causing a noticeably different
appearance from the surrounding area.
UPSETTING - A displacement of material beyond the normal contour or
surface (a local bulge or bump). Usually indicates no metal loss.
3) Sheet metal is often formed or finished (planished) over variously
airframe
shaped anvils called dollies and stakes. These are used for forming small,
anvil
oddshaped parts, or for putting on finishing touches for which a large
ash
machine may not be suited. Dollies are meant to be held in the hand,
bench vise
cast iron bench whereas stakes are designed to be supported by a flat cast iron bench
plate
plate fastened to the workbench.
chiseling
Most stakes have machined, polished surfaces which have been
clamping
hardened. Do not use stakes to back up material when chiseling, or when
crimped
using any similar cutting tool because this will deface the surface of the
deface
dolly stake and make it useless for finish work.
flanges
V-blocks made of hardwood are widely used in airframe metalwork for
hammered
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hardened
shrinking and stretching metal, particularly angles and flanges. The size
hardwood
of the block depends on the work being done and on personal preference.
machined
Although any type of hardwood is suitable, maple and ash are
maple
recommended for best results when working with aluminum alloys.
metalwork
oddshaped A shrinking block consists of two metal blocks and some device for
planish
clamping them together. One block forms the base, and the other is cut
sheet metal
away to provide space where the crimped material can be hammered. The
shrinking
legs of the upper jaw clamp the material to the base block on each side of
stake
the crimp so that the material will not creep away but will remain
stretching
workbench stationary while the crimp is hammered flat (being shrunk). This type of
crimping block is designed to be held in a bench vise.
Shrinking blocks can be made to fit any specific need. The basic form
and principle remain the same, even though the blocks may vary
considerably in size and shape.
4) Squaring shears provide a convenient means of cutting and squaring
bed
metal. These shears consist of a stationary lower blade attached to a bed
blade
and a movable upper blade attached to a crosshead. To make the cut, the
crosshead
upper blade is moved down by placing the foot on the treadle and
foot
held securely pushing downward.
holddown clamp
The shears are equipped with a spring which raises the blade and treadle
scale
when the foot is removed. A scale, graduated in fractions of an inch, is
shears
scribed on the bed. Two squaring fences, consisting of thick strips of
spring
metal and used for squaring metal sheets, are placed on the bed, one on
squaring
treadle the right side and one on the left. Each is placed so that it forms a 90°
angle with the blades.
Three distinctly different operations can be performed on the squaring
shears: (1) Cutting to a line, (2) squaring, and (3) multiple cutting to
a specific size. When cutting to a line, the sheet is placed on the bed of
the shears in front of the cutting blade with the cutting line directly even
with the cutting edge of the bed. The sheet is cut by stepping on the
treadle while the sheet is held securely in place by the holddown clamp.
Squaring requires several steps. First, one end of the sheet is squared
with an edge (the squaring fence is usually used on the edge). Then the
remaining edges are squared by holding one squared end of the sheet
against the squaring fence and making the cut, one edge at a time, until
all edges have been squared.
5) The rotary punch is used in the airframe repair shop to punch holes in
alignment
metal parts. This machine can be used for cutting radii in corners, for
frame
making washers, and for many other jobs where holes are required. The
hole
machine is composed of two cylindrical turrets, one mounted over the
index pins
punch other and supported by the frame. Both turrets are synchronized so that
radii
they rotate together, and index pins assure correct alignment at all times.
repair shop
rotate
synchronized
turrets
washer
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100 psi
6) The electrically operated portable circular cutting Ketts saw uses
accuracy
blades of various diameters. The head of this saw can be turned to any
air powered
desired angle, and is very handy for removing damaged sections on
blanking action
a stringer. Advantages of a Ketts saw are:
bolts
circular saw (1) The ability to cut metal up to 3/16 inch thick.
diameter
(2) No starting hole is required.
die
(3) A cut can be started anywhere on a sheet of metal.
drill press
(4) The capability of cutting an inside or outside radius.
drilling
The portable, air powered reciprocating saw has a gun-type shape for
feed lever
gun-type balancing and ease of handling and operates most effectively at an air
hacksaw
pressure of from 85 to 100 psi. The reciprocating saw uses a standard
head
hacksaw blade and can cut a 360° circle or a square or rectangular hole.
light metal
This saw is easy to handle and safe to use.
nibblers
outside radius
portable
reciprocating saw
rectangular hole
rivets
starting hole
Rys.13. Reciprocating saw [4]
Stationary and portable nibblers are used to cut metal by a high speed
blanking action. The cutting or blanking action is caused by the lower die
moving up and down and meeting the upper stationary die. The shape of
the lower die permits small pieces of metal approximately
1/16 inch wide to be cut out.
One of the most common operations in airframe metalwork is that of
drilling holes for rivets and bolts. This operation is not difficult,
especially on light metal. Once the fundamentals of drills and their uses
are learned, a small portable power drill is usually the most practical
machine to use. However, there will be times when a drill press way
prove to be the better machine for the job.
The drill press is a precision machine used for drilling holes that require
a high degree of accuracy. It serves as an accurate means of locating and
maintaining the direction of a hole that is to be drilled and provides the
operator with a feed lever that makes the task of feeding the drill into the
work an easy one.
7) The term grinder applies to all forms of grinding machines. To be
abrasive wheel
specific, it is a machine having an abrasive wheel which removes excess
being ground
material while producing a suitable surface.
bits of abrasive
There are many kinds of grinding machines, but only those which are
bits of metal
grinder helpful to the airframe mechanic will be discussed here.
grinding wheel
The wet grinder, although similar to the pedestal grinder, differs from it
pedestal grinder
in that the wet grinder has a pump to supply a flow of water on a single
tool rest
grinding wheel. The water reduces the heat produced by material being
wet grinder
ground against the wheel. It also washes away any bits of metal or
abrasive removed during the grinding operation. The water returns to
a tank and can be reused.
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Rys.14. Bench grinder [4]
bar
8) The bar folder is designed for use in making bends or folds along
capacity
edges of sheets. This machine is best suited for folding small hems,
flanges
flanges, seams, and edges to be wired. Most bar folders have a capacity
folder
for metal up to 22 gauge in thickness and 42 inches in length.
gauge
hems
seams
9) Shaping or forming malleable metal by hammering or pounding is
bumping
called bumping. During this process, the metal is supported by a dolly,
crimping
a sandbag, or a die. Each contains a depression into which hammered
depression
portions of the metal can sink. Bumping can be done by hand or by
die
dolly machine.
form block
Folding, pleating, or corrugating a piece of sheet metal in a way that
lead die
shortens it is called crimping. Crimping is often used to make one end of
malleable metal
a piece of stovepipe slightly smaller so that one section may be slipped
pounding
into another. Turning down a flange on a seam is also called crimping.
sandbag
seam Crimping one side of a straight piece of angle iron with crimping pliers
shaping
will cause it to curve.
sink
Hammering a flat piece of metal will cause the material in that area to
stretched
become thinner. However, since the amount of metal will not have been
thinner
decreased, it will cover a greater area because the metal will have been
to curve
wooden block stretched.
During the shrinking process, material is forced or compressed into
a smaller area. The shrinking process is used when the length of a piece
of metal, especially on the inside of a bend, is to be reduced. Bumping on
a form block or female die and bumping on a sandbag are the two
common types practiced. In either method only one form is required,
a wooden block, lead die, or sandbag.
countersunk head
10) Riveting. The type of head required for a particular job is determined
flathead
by its installation location. Where a smooth aerodynamic surface is
grip length
required, countersunk head rivets should be used. Universal head rivets
microshaver
may be used in most other locations. If extra strength is required and
pilot hole
predrilling clearance permits, roundhead rivets may be used; if the necessary
ream
clearance is not available, flathead rivets may be used.
riveting
roundhead
shop head
tolerance
twist drill
fuels
confined
fuel tanks
pressurized
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compartment
airtight
riveted joint
sealing
sealant
smoothness
seams
undersize
Rys.15. Riveting. [4]
To make a rivet hole of the correct size, first drill a hole slightly
undersize. This is known as predrilling, and the hole is called a pilot hole.
Ream the pilot hole with a twist drill of the correct size to get the
required dimension.
Sometimes it is necessary to use a microshaver when making a repair
involving the use of countersunk rivets. If the smoothness of the material
(such as skin) requires that all countersunk rivets be driven within
a specific tolerance, a microshaver is used.
Various areas of airframe structures are sealed compartments where fuels
or air must be confined. Some of these areas contain fuel tanks; others
consist of pressurized compartments such as the cabin. Because it is
impossible to seal these areas completely airtight with a riveted joint
alone, a sealing compound or sealant must be used. Sealants are also used
to add aerodynamic smoothness to exposed surfaces such as seams and
joints in the wings and fuselage.
11) Steel is often harder than necessary and too brittle for most practical
aging
uses when put under severe internal strain. To relieve such strain and
aluminum
reduce brittleness, it is tempered after being hardened. This consists of
annealing
heating the steel in a furnace to a specified temperature and then cooling
brittle
brittleness it in air, oil, water, or a special solution. Temper condition refers to the
ductile
condition of metal or metal alloys with respect to hardness or toughness.
extrusion
Rolling, hammering, or bending these alloys, or heat treating and aging
flexibility
them, causes them to become tougher and harder. At times these alloys
furnace
become too hard for forming and have to be reheat treated or annealed.
furnace cooled
grain structure Metals are annealed to relieve internal stresses, soften the metal, make it
hardened
more ductile, and refine the grain structure. Annealing consists of heating
internal strain
the metal to a prescribed temperature, holding it there for a specified
intricate shapes
length of time, and then cooling the metal back to room temperature. To
lead
produce maximum softness, the metal must be cooled very slowly. Some
metal alloys
relieve metals must be furnace cooled; others may be cooled in air.
softness
The extrusion process involves the forcing of metal through an opening
solution
in a die, thus causing the metal to take the shape of the die opening.
tempered
Some metals such as lead, tin, and aluminum may be extruded cold; but
tin
generally metals are heated before the operation is begun.
workability
The principal advantage of the extrusion process is its flexibility.
Aluminum, because of its workability and other favorable properties, can
be economically extruded to more intricate shapes and larger sizes than is
practicable with many other metals.
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Carburizing
12) Carburizing is a casehardening process in which carbon is added to
casehardening
the surface of low carbon steel. Thus, a carburized steel has a high carbon
carbon
surface and a low carbon interior. When the carburized steel is heat
low carbon
treated, the case is hardened while the core remains soft and tough.
interior
nitriding Nitriding is unlike other casehardening processes in that, before nitriding,
definite properties
the part is heat treated to produce definite physical properties. Thus, parts
forgings
are hardened and tempered before being nitrided. Most steels can be
quenched
nitrided, but special alloys are required for best results. These special
alleviates
alloys contain aluminum as one of the alloying elements and are called
cracking
"nitralloys."
distortion
Large forgings and heavy sections can be quenched in hot or boiling
core
water. This type of quench minimizes distortion and alleviates cracking
which may be produced by the unequal temperatures obtained during the
quench.
4.5.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. What are the main methods of joining metals?
2. What is the most common gas welding method called?
3. Why is the defaced stake useless for finish work?
4. What are shrinking blocks used for?
5. What are squaring shears consist of?
6. What is the angle between two squared edges?
7. What does the rotary punch stand for?
8. Does a circular Ketts saw require a starting hole?
9. Does a reciprocating saw require a starting hole?
10. What is a portable nibbler used for?
11. What is a drill press used for?
12. Which machines use spinning abrasive wheel?
13. Is malleable metal suitable for making drill bits?
14. What type of rivet heads don t extend above joined surface?
15. Which process makes metal less brittle?
16. Which process can increase metal strength?
17. What makes metal more ductile?
18. What metals can be extruded cold?
19. Can you name two casehardening processes?
4.5.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
Użyj poniższych wyrazów do uzupełnienia luk w tekście.
a) coalescence d) soldering g) electron beam j) ultraviolet
b) metals e) joint h) gas flame k) fumes
c) Welding f) molten i) bond l) electric shock
1)& & & & & .. is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually 2)& & ..& & . or
thermoplastics, by causing 3)& & ..& & ... This is often done by melting the workpieces and
adding a filler material to form a pool of 4)& & & & .. material (the weld puddle) that cools to
become a strong 5)& & ..& ., with pressure sometimes used in conjunction with heat, or by
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itself, to produce the weld. This is in contrast with 6)& & & .& & and brazing, which involve
melting a lower-melting-point material between the workpieces to form a 7)& & & . between
them, without melting the workpieces.
Arc welding.
Many different energy sources can be used for welding, including a 8)& ..& & & , an electric
arc, a laser, an 9)& & & ..& & .., friction, and ultrasound. While often an industrial process,
welding can be done in many different environments, including open air, underwater and in
space. Regardless of location, however, welding remains dangerous, and precautions must be
taken to avoid burns, 10)& & & ..& & ., poisonous 11)& & & & & .., and overexposure to
12)& & & .& . light.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) przeanalizować tekst,
2) sprawdzić w słowniku technicznym znaczenie odpowiednich terminów,
3) wpisać w tabelę słówka zgodnie z wyborem.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik techniczny języka angielskiego.
Ćwiczenie 2
Wykonaj prezentację ilustrującą typowe uszkodzenia elementów metalowych opisane we
fragmencie 2 materiału nauczania w rozdziale 4.5.1. Poradnika dla ucznia.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) sprawdzić w słowniku technicznym znaczenie odpowiednich terminów,
2) otworzyć stronę internetową Google http://images.google.pl,
3) wyszukać fotografie i rysunki ilustrujące typowe uszkodzenia,
4) w programie do tworzenia prezentacji dokonać połączenia rysunków z opisami
zawartymi we fragmencie 2 materiału nauczania z rozdziału 4.5.1. Poradnika dla ucznia.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z dostępem do Internetu i programem Powerpoint lub Impress.
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik techniczny języka angielskiego.
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4.5.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz: Tak Nie
1) wymienić sposoby łączenia elementów metalowych używane
w lotnictwie?
ðð ðð
2) rozpoznać typowe uszkodzenia elementów metalowych i ich
powierzchni?
ðð ðð
3) nazwać narzędzia przeznaczone do obróbki mechanicznej?
ðð ðð
4) nazwać procesy obróbki mechanicznej?
ðð ðð
5) nazwać procesy obróbki cieplnej?
ðð ðð
6) dokonać analizy czynności związanych z obróbką mechaniczną na
podstawie instrukcji w języku angielskim?
ðð ðð
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4.6. Podstawowe słownictwo używane w formularzach
i przepisach lotniczych
4.6.1. Materiał nauczania
SÅ‚ownictwo zawarte w dokumentach, formularzach i przepisach posiada swojÄ… specyfikÄ™
w zależności od języka i systemu prawnego obowiązującego w danym państwie. O ile
tłumaczenie przepisów jest zadaniem dla prawnika, lub tłumacza przysięgłego to wypełnianie
formularzy i poświadczeń obsługi nie powinno sprawić ci trudności o ile wcześniej zapoznasz
się z ich treścią.
W poniższej tabeli przedstawiono słownictwo zawarte w formularzu 1 EASA wraz
z tłumaczeniem na język polski.
Tabela 1. Formularz 1 EASA
1. Approving Competent Właściwy organ zatwierdzający/państwo
Authority/Country
2. EASA form 1 Formularz 1 EASA
3. Form Tracking Number Numer formularza
4. Approved organization name and Nazwa i adres zatwierdzonej organizacji
address
5. Work order/contract/invoice Zlecenie/umowa/faktura
6. Item Pozycja
7. Description Wyszczególnienie
8. Part No Numer Części
9. Eligibility (*) Kwalifikowalność
10. Quantity Liczba
11. Serial/Batch No Numer serii/partii
12. Status/Work Status/czynność
13. Remarks - part M section A subpart F Uwagi - Część M sekcja A podczęść F,
organization approval number: numer zatwierdzenia organizacji:
14. Certifies that the items identified above Poświadcza się, że elementy podane powyżej
were manufactured in conformity to: zostały wyprodukowane zgodnie z:
Approved design data and are in zatwierdzonymi danymi projektowymi i sÄ…
condition for safe operation w stanie zapewniajÄ…cym bezpieczne
użytkowanie
Non-approved design data specified in nie zatwierdzonymi danymi projektowymi
block 13 wymienionymi w polu 13
15. Part  145.A.50 Release to Service Część 145.A.50 Dopuszczenie do
Other regulation specified in block 13 użytkowania Inne przepisy
wyszczególnione w polu 13
Certifies that unless otherwise specified in
block 13, the work identified in block 12 Poświadcza się, że z wyjątkiem jak podano
and described in block 13, was w polu 13, prace wymienione w polu 12
accomplished in accordance with Part-145 zostały wykonane zgodnie z częścią 145
and in respect to that work the items are i w odniesieniu do tych czynności dane
considered ready for release to service. części są uznane za zdatne do użytkowania.
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16. Authorised Signature Autoryzowany podpis
17. Approval/ Authorization Number Numer zatwierdzenia/ autoryzacji
18. Authorised signature Autoryzowany podpis
19. Certificate/ approval Ref No Numer zatwierdzenia/ certyfikatu
20. Name Nazwisko
21. Date (d/m/y) Data (d/m/r)
22. Name Nazwisko
23. Date (d/m/y) Data (d/m/r)
AUTHORISED RELEASE CERTIFICATE AUTORYZOWANE POÅšWIADCZENIE
 EASA FORM 1 (reverse side) PRODUKCJI/OBSA
UGI - FORMULARZ 1
EASA (rewers)
USER/INSTALLER RESPONSIBILITIES OBOWI
ZKI UŻYTKOWNIKA /
MONTUJ
CEGO
NOTE: UWAGA:
1. It is important to understand that the 1. Należy pamiętać, że istnienie niniejszego
existence of the document alone does not dokumentu nie stanowi upoważnienia do
automatically constitute authority to install zamontowania części/ podzespołu/zespołu.
the part/ component/ assembly.
2. Where the user/ installer works in 2. Jeżeli użytkownik / montujący wykonuje
accordance with the national regulations of czynności zgodnie z państwowymi
an airworthiness authority different from the przepisami nadzoru lotniczego innego niż
airworthiness authority specified in block 1 nadzór lotniczy wymieniony w rubryce 1 to
it is essential that the user/ installer ensure istotne jest, aby użytkownik / montujący
that his/her airworthiness authority accepts dopilnował, aby jego nadzór lotniczy
parts/ components/assemblies from the zaakceptował części / podzespoły / zespoły
airworthiness authority specified in block 1. poświadczone zgodnie z upoważnieniem
nadzoru lotniczego wymienionego w polu 1.
3. Statements 14 and 19 do not constitute 3. Oświadczenia 14 i l9 nie stanowią
installation certification. In all cases the poświadczenia zamontowania. W każdym
aircraft maintenance record shall contain an przypadku, zapisy o wykonanej obsłudze
installation certification issued in statku powietrznego muszą zawierać
accordance with the national regulations by poświadczenie zamontowania, wystawione
the user/ installer before the aircraft may be przez użytkownika / osobę dokonującą
flown. montażu zgodnie z przepisami
państwowymi, zanim statek powietrzny
zostanie użyty do wykonania lotu.
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Wymienione poniżej trzy zwroty pojawiają się często w instrukcjach obsługi bądz

przepisach lotniczych.
WARNING: Identifies an instruction which if not followed, may cause serious injury or even
death.
CAUTION: Denotes an instruction which if not followed, may severely damage the engine or
could lead to suspension of warranty.
NOTE: Information useful for better handling.
Formularz 1 EASA
Rys.16. EASA form 1
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Rys.17. EASA Form 1
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Rys.18. EASA Form 15a
4.6.2. Pytania sprawdzajÄ…ce
Odpowiadając na pytania, sprawdzisz, czy jesteś przygotowany do wykonania ćwiczeń.
1. Jakim zwrotem określa się termin  władza/organ zatwierdzający ?
2. Jakim zwrotem określa się termin  zlecenie/umowa/faktura ?
3. Jakim zwrotem określa się termin  poświadcza się, że elementy podane powyżej
zostały&  ?
4. Jakim zwrotem określa się termin  jest w stanie zapewniającym bezpieczne
użytkowanie ?
5. Jakim zwrotem określa się termin  praca została wykonana zgodnie z ?
6. Jakim zwrotem określa się instrukcję, która jeśli nie jest przestrzegana może doprowadzić
do wypadku śmiertelnego?
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4.6.3. Ćwiczenia
Ćwiczenie 1
Znajdz
tłumaczenie w słowniku języka angielskiego zwrotów umieszczonych w materiale
nauczania w rozdziale 4.6.1 Poradnika dla ucznia w lewej części tabeli 1. Porównaj uzyskane
tłumaczenie z prawą częścią tabeli.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) sprawdzić w słowniku języka angielskiego znaczenie odpowiednich terminów,
2) zapisać tłumaczenie w notatniku.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z edytorem tekstu,
 poradnik dla ucznia,
 słownik języka angielskiego.
Ćwiczenie 2
Dokonaj tłumaczenia formularza nr 15a EASA zgodnie ze wzorem umieszczonym
w materiale nauczania w rozdziale 4.6.1 Poradnika dla ucznia.
Sposób wykonania ćwiczenia
Aby wykonać ćwiczenie, powinieneś:
1) przeanalizować formularz,
2) sprawdzić w słowniku języka angielskiego znaczenie odpowiednich terminów,
3) porównaj wynik swojej pracy z innymi uczniami.
Wyposażenie stanowiska pracy:
 komputer z edytorem tekstu.
 papier A4, przybory do pisania,
 słownik języka angielskiego.
4.6.4. Sprawdzian postępów
Czy potrafisz:
Tak Nie
1) przetłumaczyć znaczenie pól w formularzu 1 EASA?
ðð ðð
2) przetłumaczyć znaczenie pól w formularzu 15a EASA?
ðð ðð
3) podać dokładne znaczenie wyrażeń  WARNIG, CAUTION, NOTE ?
ðð ðð
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5. SPRAWDZIAN OSI
GNI
Ć
INSTRUKCJA DLA UCZNIA
1. Przeczytaj uważnie instrukcję.
2. Podpisz imieniem i nazwiskiem kartÄ™ odpowiedzi.
3. Zapoznaj się z zestawem zadań testowych.
4. Test zawiera 20 zadań. Do każdego zadania dołączone są 4 możliwe odpowiedzi. Tylko
jedna jest prawidłowa.
5. Udzielaj odpowiedzi na załączonej karcie odpowiedzi, stawiając w odpowiedniej rubryce
znak  x . W przypadku pomyłki należy błędną odpowiedz
zaznaczyć kółkiem,
a następnie ponownie zakreślić odpowiedz
prawidłową.
6. Pracuj samodzielnie, bo tylko wtedy będziesz miał satysfakcję z wykonanego zadania.
7. Jeśli udzielenie odpowiedzi będzie Ci sprawiało trudność, wtedy odłóż rozwiązanie
zadania na póz
niej i wróć do niego, gdy zostanie Ci wolny czas.
8. Na rozwiÄ…zanie testu masz 40 minut.
Powodzenia!
Materiały dla ucznia:
instrukcja,
zestaw zadań testowych,
karta odpowiedzi.
ZESTAW ZADAC
TESTOWYCH
1. An aircraft with no crew on board in flight is called
a) UAV or RPV.
b) a crewless aerial vehicle.
c) no crew airplane.
d) unmanned rocket.
2. Aerostats fly makes
a) a very low weight.
b) a buoyant force.
c) Newton s first law.
d) spinning propeller.
3. In a conventional wing configuration
a) the wing has the rectangular shape.
b) the wing is swept forward.
c) the wing is placed in front of the stabilizer.
d) the wing is placed above the fuselage.
4. The configuration with the stabilizer fore of the fuselage is called
a) reverse configuration.
b) low-wing configuration.
c) supersonic configuration.
d) canard configuration.
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5. The flying wing has
a) no fuselage.
b) has more than one fuselage.
c) has triangular shaped wings.
d) has wings placed one above the other.
6. The one wing airplane is called&
a) a sesquiplane.
b) a monoplane.
c) a monowing.
d) a tandem.
7. The tapered wing has got
a) a constant wing chord.
b) sharply swept leading and trailing edge.
c) the wing chord decreasing span-wise.
d) decreasing wing thickness.
8. The wing design with no external reinforcement is called
a) a wing spar.
b) a braced wing.
c) cantilever.
d) a clean wing configuration.
9. The seaplane has
a) the fuselage partially submerged in water.
b) skids in lieu of landing gear.
c) floats attached to the fuselage.
d) a tricycle landing gear.
10. The autogiro creates lift by
a) spinning powered rotor.
b) small wings attached to the fuselage.
c) a propeller providing a thrust.
d) utilizing an unpowered rotor.
11. Helicopters can fly forward by
a) using a propeller providing thrust.
b) using a tail rotor.
c) tilting the main rotor.
d) directing exhaust gas energy backward.
12. The engine thrust acts on an airplane
a) along airplane lateral axis.
b) along airplane longitudinal axis.
c) about airplane vertical axis.
d) about airplane lateral axis
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13. The main four forces acting on an aircraft are
a) thrust, drag, weight, lift.
b) gravity, push, drag, lift.
c) push, resistance, centrifugal, upper.
d) pull, wing, gravity, back.
14. A sharply swept leading edge with parallel trailing edge comprises:
a) a rectangular swept wing.
b) delta wing.
c) ogival wing.
d) mid-wing.
15. Helicopter may be powered by
a) turbojet engine.
b) ramjet engine.
c) turbofan engine.
d) turbine engine.
16. Thrust is
a) directly proportional to the weight and speed of fluid being displaced.
b) directly proportional to the speed and acceleration of fluid being displaced.
c) inversely proportional to the mass and velocity of fluid being displaced.
d) directly proportional to the mass and acceleration of fluid being displaced.
17. Ailerons change airplane position
a) about vertical axis.
b) about lateral axis.
c) about longitudinal axis
d) about normal axis.
18. The major wing structural members are
a) ribs, beams, longerons, skin.
b) beams, formers, bulkheads, skin.
c) spars, ribs, stringers, skin.
d) frames, bulkheads, formers, skin.
19. Aircraft carrying extra fuel for in-flight refueling is called a/an
a) tanker.
b) cargo aircraft.
c) airliner.
d) general aviation aircraft.
20. The strongest fuselage structural members are
a) ribs.
b) longerons.
c) formers.
d) bulkheads.
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KARTA ODPOWIEDZI
ImiÄ™ i nazwisko:& & & & & & & & & & & & & .
Posługiwanie się językiem angielskim zawodowym
Zakreśl poprawną odpowiedz
.
Nr
Odpowiedz
Punkty
zadania
1. a b c d
2. a b c d
3. a b c d
4. a b c d
5. a b c d
6. a b c d
7. a b c d
8. a b c d
9. a b c d
10. a b c d
11. a b c d
12. a b c d
13. a b c d
14. a b c d
15. a b c d
16. a b c d
17. a b c d
18. a b c d
19. a b c d
20. a b c d
Razem:
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6. LITERATURA
1. Crane D.: Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms. Aviation Supplies & Academics Inc, 1997.
2. Mizgalski E.: Słownik techniczny polsko-angielski, angielsko-polski. Aneks. Wałbrzych
1994
3. Pawelec R, Oljasz T.: Poradnik jak pisać, wzory pism w języku angielskim. Wilga 2005.
4. U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Flight Standards
Service.: Airframe and powerplant mechanics airframe handbook AC 65-15A. Summit
Aviation, Inc. 1992-2006.
5. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/b767.htm
6. http://www.howstuffworks.com/
7. http://www.roymech.co.uk/Related/Pumps/Rotary%20Positive%20Displacement.html
8. http://www.tadano.co.jp/ihq/tadanocafe/index.html
9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:2006_Ojiya_balloon_festival_011.jpg Kropsoq.:NU 9.
10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Heli.g-code.750pix.jpg Arpingstone.: Public domain 10.
11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:WestCoastAirFloatplane.jpg Leonard G.: Creative
commons 11.
12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FA-22_Raptor.jpg USAF Public domain 12.
13. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PCB_design_and_realisation_smt_and_through_hole.
png Mike1024.: Public domain 13.
14. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:KCL.png GNU 14.
15. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Capacitor.png Smack.: Public domain 15.
16. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Gratz.rectifier.en.png Public domain 16.
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