The European Food Information Council (EUFIC) has launched a new version of its website
www.eufic.org to optimise its outreach to key audiences: It now has customisable homepages,
with a choice of "Consumers", "Media" and "Professionals" to offer its sciencebased content
more rapidly according to audience. Nearly 90% of visitor feedback has been positive about the
new developments. Here are some reasons why.
Customised display
Visitors may customise their homepage and improve their experience by selecting the content they want on
their homepage, using the "Customise homepage" link at the top of the screen. As a new feature, content is organised in so
called "dashboards" (blocks of subject areas with links to further detail) appear by default to address each of the audiences.
To improve accessibility, most dashboards can also be dragged up or down or left and right, depending on preferences. The
visitor’s browser will remember these settings for their next visit to www.eufic.org, making access that much quicker.
Organising favourites
EUFIC has also enhanced visitor access to and ability to use content from its website. Now, users can mark, save and email
favourite EUFIC articles, and create a single PDF with a selection of favourite articles. For example, in "EUFIC Consumer
Research", one might click on the article: “Nutrition labels on food and drinks in the UK – available, understood but not used.”
When the page loads, one can click on the upper right "heartinafolder" icon, to add it to a list of favourites. Then one can
decide to email, print or select other articles to create a single PDF.
Improved search functionality
Visitors to the website may also use the enhanced search engine to find what they are looking for. Typing in “food labels” into the
advanced search function will reveal over 50 results, while filtering for “Food Today” articles will narrow the search to 11 results.
When selecting an article to view, other related content is suggested in the right margin, including the definition of terms used,
frequently asked questions, as well as podcasts and webinars produced by EUFIC.
Since 2006, EUFIC has been producing podcasts and webinars with experts in scientific fields related to food and nutrition and
food safety and quality. These are more easily accessible today through the new website, thanks to a dedicated area called the
"Multimedia Centre".
Scientific publications and consumer research easier to find
In 2010, EUFIC produced no less than 12 scientific articles, often with coauthors in academic institutions. Most of these appeared
in peerreviewed journals including the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Public Health Nutrition, Appetite, Trends in Food
Science and Technology, and the Journal of Risk Research.
EUFIC has improved access to science publications through its newly launched website, with an easytofind, dedicated dashboard.
Visitors can locate the publications by navigating to the “Consumer Insights” pages and choosing the document they wish to
download from the new “Publications: Open Access” dashboard.
EUFIC also produced a dedicated webpage containing information about its research into consumer attitudes to food labels. The
page, also found in the “Consumer Insights” section of the website, is entitled “EUFIC Consumer Research: Nutrition Labelling”.
Eufic.org reaches beyond Europe
By the end of 2010, eufic.org registered more than 7.1 million visitor sessions, a 14.5% increase over 2009. Available in 11
languages, eufic.org attracts visitors well beyond Europe. Now, visitors in China outnumber visitors from the US, Spain, France and
Germany. Spanish remains the top language choice of EUFIC visitors, followed by English, French and Italian.
Take a tour
To better understand the optimised enhancements of the new website, visitors can “take a tour” of the new site via short tutorial
videos available on the homepage from the dashboard entitled "Making the most of EUFIC". This improves visitors’ ability to
quickly access information they want. Try it out!
Further information
Making the most of EUFIC
New look and functionalities for EUFIC website
Very few of our taste preferences are biologically preset. Much rather they are linked with
some sort of experience. Although there are some genetic factors that cause differences in
taste perception, similarities in taste preferences much more commonly reflect similar
experiences with types of flavours and foods. The shaping of taste preferences begins in the
womb and continues throughout the rest of our lives.
Prenatal shaping
All human senses are established in the embryonic phase (weeks 18 of gestation) and at the start of the
foetal phase, and mature at varying rates. Development and maturation of the sensory organs is tightly
linked with that of the central nervous system. Organ formation begins at the head, which is why the sensory organs of this area
(eyes, ears, nose, tongue) are also established very early.
1
The taste sense, too, forms and matures at an early stage, with the
first taste buds appearing at eight weeks of gestation. Aroma compounds in the amniotic fluid stimulate the foetal taste receptors
as soon as the foetus starts swallowing (around 12
th
week of gestation).
2
The taste impulses are transmitted to various nuclei
(clusters of neurons) of the brain stem where they induce amongst other things the reflexes for saliva flow and tongue
movements.
3
Amniotic fluid composition changes along the development of the foetus, especially when it starts to urinate. The foetus swallows
200760 ml of amniotic fluid daily (depending on the development stage) and is exposed to a large number of taste compounds,
including various sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose), fatty acids, amino acids, proteins and salts. Flavours from the maternal diet
reach the amniotic fluid. In this way, babies already experience cultural taste patterns long before directly getting in contact with
foods itself.
4
During weeks 26 to 28 of gestation, links between the stimulation of taste receptors and reflextype changes in facial expression
can be detected. This is especially evident with bitter taste stimuli. At 32 weeks of gestation, the foetus responds to a change in
amniotic fluid taste by changing its drinking behaviour.
3
Depending on whether the amniotic fluid tastes sweet or bitter, the foetus
adjusts its swallowing pattern to a higher or lower frequency, respectively.
2
Innate taste preferences
For newborns, the taste sense is the most important and most developed of all senses.
3
Numerous experiments with newborns
show a high culturally transcending acceptance for sweet taste. They even react to a highly diluted sugar solution with a
comfortable and satisfied facial expression. In contrast, the sour taste of citric acid is rejected with pursed lips. No response is
seen with diluted bitter our salty solutions, but bitter flavours are rejected in high concentration. A change in accepting bitter tastes
is seen at the age of 14180 days.
2
The evolutionarily sensible preference for sweetness (“safety taste”) can be explained by the
fact that the sweet taste indicates a source of energy (carbohydrates) which is nonpoisonous and thus safe to eat. A bitter taste
in turn warns us of toxic foods. Similar evolutionary programming is assumed for the other tastes; an acidic taste may for
example warn against spoiled food, whereas a salty taste may hint at minerals. The taste quality “umami” (= savoury) indicates a
good protein source as it naturally occurs in animal foods.
5
Breast milk shapes preferences
Human breast milk contains numerous aroma compounds the mother takes in through her diet. Natural flavours from foods
(garlic or vanilla) are detectable in breast milk 12 hours after consumption.
2
The taste of breast milk may also impact on the
later preferences of the newborn. American researchers, for example, showed that neonates whose mothers had consumed carrot
juice during pregnancy and weaning, preferred a carrotflavoured cereal during infancy when compared to a control group whose
mothers had not consumed carrot juice.
2
Table 1: Innate reactions to taste compounds
Source
6
Babies who are formulafed also make „taste experiences“ that impact on later preferences. It was shown that adolescents and
adults who had been formulafed during infancy, preferred a ketchup sample that was flavoured with vanillin.
7
In contrast, subjects
who had been breastfed as babies preferred the nonflavoured sample. Infant formula was commonly flavoured with vanillin to
increase acceptance of this food by the infants.
7
This type of taste formation applies to all aroma compounds. Once acquired, a
preference for a specific flavour is also elicited by other foods containing this flavour.
8
Conditioning of preferences and aversions
Once a flavour or food is accepted, this can also influence the preference for and acceptance of new flavours or foods. This so
called flavourflavourlearning means that new foods are more likely to be accepted when combined with known dishes rather than
eaten on their own. However, this effect is more pronounced with regard to negative taste stimuli.
8
If the sensory properties of a food are linked with negative sensations or reactions (nausea, vomiting during or after
consumption), an aversion against this food develops that may remain for the rest of one’s life (socalled “sauce béarnaise
phenomenon”). Often it does not matter whether that food was the actual cause of the reaction or just consumed around the
same time. This phenomenon can also be observed in cancer patients suffering from nausea and vomiting due to chemotherapy.
In many cases these patients develop a strong aversion against foods consumed during chemotherapy, although the foods did
not contribute causally to the nausea.
Nonetheless, positive sensations may also shape the preference for a food. For example, animal studies have shown that rats
after a while preferred the more calorific versions of specific foods to lowercalorie counterparts. They had learnt that they
Tastes differ how taste preferences develop
Basic taste
Innate reaction
Development
sweet
positive
prenatally
sour
negative/rejecting, uncertain
prenatally
salty
positive
at the age of 46 months
bitter
negative/rejecting
prenatally
umami
uncertain
unknown
2
experienced positive reactions with the higher but not the lower energy density.
9
This effect is referred to as “flavournutrient
learning” and can be observed in humans, too. The preference for energy and fatrich dishes is also shaped by the social
context. Children often like foods they have eaten in pleasant situations and reject dishes linked to something negative. This is
further enhanced by the selection of foods for specific occasions. Tasty foods (high energy density, high fat and sugar content;
e.g., desserts) are commonly served on pleasant occasions such as celebrations or when guests are visiting. In contrast, foods
considered less tasty, e.g. vegetables, are often consumed under pressure: “Eat your veggies or you won’t get any dessert.” This
results in doubly negative coupling and at the same time increases the popularity of energydense, tasty dishes and the aversion
against less savoury foods.
9
Favouring the wellknown
Coffee is a drink that is only liked upon repeated consumption. Often one approaches the bitter taste very carefully with the help
of milk and sugar. Repeated exposure is usually required to actually enjoy coffee, and the development of such a taste
preference has been coined “mere exposure effect”. This means that only foods or drinks are liked which one consumes on a
regular basis and which therefore have become an acquired taste. It is assumed that there is a direct link between taste
experiences and preferences. A biological safety principle builds the basis for this effect: through careful tasting and waiting for
any negative consequences (intolerance), our ancestors have gathered taste experiences. However, our own food behaviour is
rarely mere intake, but rather coupled with emotions, social aspects and digestive processes that may influence the mere
exposure effect.
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One biological principle opposing the mere exposure effect is the fear of new foods, termed neophobia.
Fearing the new
In young infants, especially at the age of 46 months, when solid foods are being introduced, food neophobia appears to be
minimal. Already after a single feeding of a new food, the babies show a significant increase in acceptance. On the other hand, in
infants aged 1824 months food neophobia is very pronounced. In this sensitive phase, even children who used to be nonpicky
eaters often begin to reject new foods and new flavours. The neophobia protects infants at this age from eating harmful or
poisonous foods. At an age when children start walking and become more independent in choosing their foods, such a neophobia
may have a certain survival value.
Acceptance of a new flavour in children up to the age of five years is often only seen after exposing them at least five to ten
times. Older children and adults possess successful means to overcome their innate neophobia. Through the use of taste
principles, new flavours and foods are compared to known ones and added to the existing flavour repertoire (e.g., “reminds me of
apple”). Although the rejection of new foods appears innate, there are individual and genderspecific differences to the
neophobia, with women seemingly less affected than men. Furthermore, similarities within families hint at a genetic component.
Neophobias in children can be attenuated or overcome. For example, children learn very efficiently from role models and icons.
These may be the parents, siblings, friends or heroes from stories. If the model creates a positive impression, the child may
adopt a complete behavioural pattern.
Favourite dish not every day
On the one hand, it is not helpful to approach new flavours uncritically. On the other hand, it is not very sensible from a nutritional
perspective to always eat the same foods. For this reason a biological mechanism called sensoryspecific satiety keeps us from a
highly monotonous diet. Although especially children would love to eat their favourite dish every day, from one day to another
they demand something new and reject their previously favoured dish.
11
The sensoryspecific satiety may also be observed when
eating a several course menu. Only limited quantities can be eaten of the individual courses, leading to quick satiety and the
rejection of second helpings. However, the next course or a dessert may still fit in. Experiments show that the preference for a
dish or a specific flavour just consumed is diminished, whereas this does not hold for other flavours. In adults the rule applies
that the wider the choice of foods during a meal, the more food is consumed.
9
Family taste
Why we like or dislike certain foods is a complex interplay of taste conditioning which starts in the womb and continues into old
age , adaptation (mere exposure effect) and biological factors (such as sensoryspecific satiety). Therefore, children and their
parents deserve special attention in the process of “taste education”. It has been shown that the context in which family meals
take place has a fundamental influence on later taste preferences, thus playing an important role in shaping eating behaviour.
Preferences and aversions are highly individual, but may display clear familial and social links. From the very beginning, parents
assume a vital role and may contribute substantially to the development of taste preferences and aversions. Since taste
preferences are very stable and may last a lifetime, special care should always be dedicated to the meal setting. Negative
influences such as arguments during meals should be avoided. Leaving children some room in their food choices and showing a
certain calmness towards temporary food aversions can be key in the development of taste preferences.
Further information
Article slightly modified from “Geschmäcker sind verschieden Wie sich Geschmackspräferenzen prägen und entwickeln“,
published in Fakten, Trends und Meinungen, Dr Rainer Wild Stiftung, Issue 3, 2008, p. 15. Available at:
ernaehrung.org/mediadb/Presse/Fact_Sheet/Themenpapier_3_final.pdf
(German only)
References
1. Manz F, Manz I. Sinnesentwicklung und Sinnesausprägung beim Föten und Säugling. In: v. Engelhardt D, Wild R. (Hg.):
Geschmackskulturen. Vom Dialog der Sinne beim Essen und Trinken, Frankfurt/New York 2005.
2. Menella JA, Beauchamp GK. The Early Development of Human Flavor Preferences. In: Capaldi ED.: Why we eat what
we eat. The psychology of eating. American Psychological Association, 1996.
3. Haubrich S. Einfluss von hypoallergener Säuglingsnahrung auf die Entwicklung von Geschmackspräferenzen, Diploma
thesis, Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hamburg, Fakultät Life Sciences, Department Ökotrophologie, 2006.
http://opus.hawhamburg.de/frontdoor.php?source_opus=237&la=de
, accessed 14 October 2008.
4. Mennella JA et al. (2001). Prenatal and Postnatal Flavor Learning by Human Infants. Pediatrics 107:8893.
5. Logue AW. Die Psychologie des Essens und Trinkens, Heidelberg/Berlin/Oxford 1995.
6. Mela DJ. Development and Acquisition of Food Likes. In: Frewer LJ et al.: Food, People and Society. A European
Perspective of Consumer’s Food Choices. Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 2001.
7. Haller R et al. (1999). The influence of early experience with Vanillin on food preferences later in life. Chemical Senses
24:465467.
8. Yeomans et al. (2008). Acquired flavor acceptance and intake facilitated by monosodium glutamate in humans.
Physiology & Behavior 93(45):958966.
9. Birch LL, Fisher JA. The Role of Early Experience in the Development of Children’s Eating Behavior. In: Capaldi ED.:
Why we eat what we eat. The psychology of eating. American Psychological Association, 1996.
10. Ellrott T. Wie Kinder essen lernen. In: peb: Komm’ in Schwung. Der kluge AlltagsPlan für fitte Kinder, St. Gallen, 2008,
3
6077.
11. Davis CM. Results of the selfselection of diets by young children (1939). The Canadian Medical Association Journal 41
(3):257261.
4
Our favourite fresh vegetables are not available all year round. Does this mean we have to do
without when they are out of season or are frozen and tinned vegetables valid alternatives?
Fresh vegetables straight from the garden are many people’s ideal, and freshness is an important factor
when buying certain foods. However, vegetables start losing nutrients as soon as they are harvested.
Summer peas can lose up to half their vitamin C within a day or two, even before cooking.
1
So to maximise
the nutritional goodness of vegetables, the race to the table is on.
There are three main forms in which vegetables are sold – fresh, frozen or tinned. Contrary to popular
belief, each has its own benefits despite the common idea that fresh is always best.
1,2
Three servings of vegetables a day is the
often recommended intake. The rest of this article will look at how to achieve this goal.
Fresh
Fresh vegetables add taste, texture, colour and variety to any meal. But to offer maximum nutritional benefit, they need to be
just that – fresh. Time from harvest to table is therefore vitally important with fresh vegetables. With many retailers distributing
food from a central location, vegetables may be harvested quite some time before appearing on the supermarket shelf. Add to
this the time spent in the fridge or pantry before appearing on the dinner table and a detrimental effect on nutritional content is
inevitable. Losses can be reduced by keeping fresh vegetables i.e. local, seasonal produce in the fridge and using them as
quickly as possible.
Processed
Fresh vegetables are frozen or tinned in order to offer us convenience and safety, but also to allow time for them to be
transported further to the market. The effects of vegetable processing may not always be in line with consumer expectations for
taste and texture, but the nutritional value remains. This conclusion has been supported by a prospective cohort study in over
20,000 Dutch men and women followed for ten years, which showed that the higher the vegetable intake, the lower the risk for
cardiovascular diseases, irrespective of whether the vegetables were raw or processed (processed vegetables comprised home
cooked vegetables including canned and frozen vegetables, and tomato sauce).
3
Frozen
Frozen vegetables are frozen while still fresh, usually within a few hours of harvesting, keeping the goodness of their original
‘fresh’ state locked in. But all vegetables are blanched before freezing, which reduces the level of less stable watersoluble
vitamins, such as vitamins B
1
and C, as well as antioxidants.
1
Other nutrients are far more easily retained, such as fatsoluble
vitamins A and E, and may even become more available after such processing.
2
Frozen vegetables have a longer shelf life than
fresh so can be enjoyed at any time of year, irrespective of season.
Tinned
Vegetables in a tin have the longest shelf life of all. Tinned vegetables remain safe to eat for well over a year, some even longer.
Tinned vegetables are usually blanched because this is an important part of preserving vegetables. As they are also heattreated
as part of their production, they compare most closely to cooked vegetables. Preservation processes that do not require heating
have been developed in recent years in order to maintain texture and nutrient levels as much as possible.
4
Although more nutrients are lost initially during the canning process compared to freezing, losses during storage are less than in
both frozen and fresh vegetables.
1
Lycopene, an antioxidant found in tomatoes, attracted attention when levels were found to be
higher in tinned tomatoes than fresh.
2
This may be due to it becoming more available during canning, but certainly confirms that
it remains stable. Minerals and fibre are also stable to processing, so that levels of these nutrients are similar in all three types of
vegetables.
2
A concern restricted to tinned vegetables is what is added rather than lost. The addition of salt in the form of brine is
part of the preservation process, but inevitably raises the sodium level. Manufacturers are working to reduce the sodium content
of tinned products.
All equal
The contribution and importance of vegetables as providers of many vitamins, minerals and fibre is undisputed, and many of us
should eat more vegetables to gain the nutritional benefits they offer.
1
Vegetables are frozen and canned to suit the needs of
today’s consumer. They give us greater variety year round as convenient, safe and highquality alternatives to their fresh
equivalents. Dietary guidelines across Europe recommend including all types of vegetables, fresh, frozen and tinned, in order to
eat enough. These recommendations should be heeded, safe in the knowledge that nutritional benefits can be realised whichever
you choose.
References
1. Rickman JC, Barrett DM & Bruhn CM. (2007). Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables.
Part I. Vitamins C and B and phenolic compounds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 87:930944.
2. Rickman JC, Barrett DM & Bruhn CM. (2007). Nutritional comparison of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables.
Part II. Vitamin A and carotenoids, vitamin E, minerals and fiber. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture
87:11851196.
3. Oude Griep LM et al. (2010). Raw and processed fruit and vegetable consumption and 10year coronary heart disease
incidence in a populationbased cohort study in the Netherlands. PLoS One 5(10):e13609.
4. SánchezMoreno C et al. (2009). Nutritional approaches and healthrelated properties of plant foods processed by high
pressure and pulsed electric fields. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 49(6):552576.
More than fresh vegetable choices for everyone
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